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11 Biology Sem 1 > 4.1 Symbiosis, Classification, Molecular Sequencing > Flashcards

4.1 Symbiosis, Classification, Molecular Sequencing Flashcards

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1
Q

When one organism feeds on one another

A

exploitation

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2
Q

one organism kills and hunts another for food

A

predation

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3
Q

What is ‘competition’?

A

where organisms compete or vie for the same resources

(food, living space etc) or mates.

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4
Q

What is the most intense competition?

A

Intraspecific competition - between members of the same species.
Interspecific competition - between members of different species (less intense).

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5
Q

What is ‘Symbiosis’? (also known as interdependence)

A

A close relationship between 2 organisms of different species where at least one benefits from the association.

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of Symbiosis?

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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7
Q

The organisms of an ecosystem are……This means they

depend on each other for survival.

A

interdependent.

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8
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Is a relationship where both organisms benefit and neither one is harmed. Eg. Bee & flower.

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9
Q

What is commensalism?

A

An interaction between two organisms where one of them benefits, but the other is not affected. Eg. Clown fish & Anenonme.

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10
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One type of organism (the parasite) lives on or in another type of organism (the host). The parasite obtains food or shelter from the host but often harms or kills the host. Eg. lice & humans.

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11
Q

What is Classification?

A

Is hierarchical and indicates the relationship between

organisms based on physical structures and similarities in shared molecular sequences.

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12
Q

What is biological classification?

A

Biological classification is called taxonomy or systematics. It allows scientists to identify, study and share information about a biological species.

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13
Q

What are the types of classification?

A

Artificial

Natural

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14
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Based on easily observable/ similar identifiable characteristics. Eg. Aquatic organisms, winged flight, lays fertilised eggs.

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15
Q

What are dichotomous keys?

A

A series of statements consisting of two choices the describe the characteristics of the unidentified organism. [Who am I questions].
Further statements are made using a different characteristic until all organisms have been placed into a subgroup.

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16
Q

What are limitations of A.C.?

A

Characteristics are classified based on function (analogous characteristics).
Evolutionary relationships aren’t considered (genes).
Eg. A bird and winged insects.

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17
Q

What is natural classification?

A

Considers the degree of evolutionary relationship among organisms.

Organises species into groups of organisms that share characteristics that’ve been inherited from a common ancestor (homologous characteristics).

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18
Q

What are homologous characteristics?

A

Homologous characteristics have an underlying similarity of structure and position regardless of function.

Eg. Forelimbs of mammals are homologous because they all have adaptations of the same structure.

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19
Q

What are taxons?

A

A taxon is a grouping of organisms that share common features.
The groups are positioned in taxonomic ranks or taxa. There are 8 recognised levels in the taxonomic hierarchy.

20
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic hierarchies/ categories?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus

and Species.

21
Q

How are they remembered?

A

Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fried Green Spinach

22
Q

Domain?

A

There are three domains of living things:
Archaea (Prokaryotes)
Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

23
Q

What is Kingdom?

A

Refer to table.

24
Q

What is Phylum?

A

Kingdoms are subdivided into Phylum. All members of a phylum have a common ancestor and similar anatomical features. There are 9 types.

25
Q

What is a class?

A

Each phylum consists of one or more class. Organisms are subdivided into classes based on similar characteristics.

26
Q

What is an order?

A

Members of an order have more specific characteristics than members of a class.

27
Q

What is a family?

A

Orders are subcategorised into families of closely related organisms. Members of one family have very similar anatomical features and behavioural characteristics.

28
Q

What is a genus?

A

A genus is a highly specific grouping of species that are very closely related.
Two or more species that share unique anatomical structures or behavioural characteristics.
Members of one genus have shared characteristics that are highly specific.

29
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is the most specific ranking in the taxonomic hierarchy.
Members of one species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

30
Q

What is the basis of classification:

A

Physical Features
Reproductive Strategies
Molecular Sequencing

31
Q

Physical Features:

A

Physical features are an expression of the genotype and
the environment.
Organisms with similar physical features are often closely
related and be used to classify organisms.
Eg. Plants: no true roots, stems or leaves etc.
Animals: stinging cells, hair or fur, feathers etc.

32
Q

Reproductive Strategies:

A

Sexual means: fusion or fertilisation of gametes; others by asexual means.

Mammals can be separated into 3 groups by their reproductive strategies.

Placentals: give birth to live young and placenta is involved in nourishing the foetus. Eg. humans.
Marsupials: the young develop in a pouch. Eg. kangaroos.
Monotremes: lay eggs but still suckle their young
on mammary glands. Eg. platypus.

33
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a Chemical compound that determines the characteristics of all living things.

The order of nucleobases is a molecule of DNA is called its
nucleic acid sequence and is unique to the animal.

It has a similar structure in all organisms / living things and is made up of building blocks called nucleotides which have 3 main parts:

  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Nitrogenous Base
34
Q

What is the twisted-ladder structure of DNA called?
What is the ‘side’ of the ladder is made up of ?
The ‘rungs’ of the ladder are made up of?
The 4 different chemical bases are?
What is complementary Base Pairing?

A
  • A double helix shape.
  • Alternating phosphate and sugar molecules.
  • Paired chemical units called bases
  • Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine (A, C, G and T).
  • Complementary Base Pairing - (A and T) & (C and G).
35
Q

What is the nucleic acid sequence?
What are proteins?
How are amino acids compared?

A

A code for synthesis of protein molecules in cells.

Proteins are molecules that are composed of amino acid
subunits. [The sequence of amino acids in a protein is unique.]

A common protein such as haemoglobin can be isolated from two or more species and the amino acid sequences are compared. More closely related species will have very similar amino acid sequences.

36
Q

What does a random mutation in DNA cause?

A

A corresponding change in the amino acid sequence of the protein. The number of random mutations increases with time.

37
Q

What does the nucleic acid sequence of an organism do?

A

Codes for the production of its protein molecules.

38
Q

What is the Binomial System of Nomenclature?

A

Is the internationally accepted system to name organisms. It is based on the idea that every species has a Latin name which is made up of two parts.

The first part - name of the genus and second part specifies the species.

The binomial system also sorts organisms into
hierarchical groups.

39
Q

What is Reproductive Isolation:

A

They can interbreed with members of the same species.

They are ‘reproductively isolated’ from members of another species – they are unable to produce fertile offspring.

40
Q

How are reproductive barriers formed?

A

Reproductive barriers form isolating boundaries

around closely related species.

41
Q

What are the 2 groups this isolating mechanism can be divided into?

A

Pre-zygotic Mechanisms

Post-zygotic Mechanisms

42
Q

What are Pre-zygotic Mechanisms?

A

Mechanisms which prevent mating from occurring.

43
Q

What are the key mechanisms of Pre-zygotic Mechanisms?

A

Behavioural - Different mating calls and rituals.
Mechanical (physical) - Differences in flower shape or genetalia.
Gametic - Incompatibility of gametes, preventing fusion. Inability of sperm to survive in the reproductive system.
Temporal - Different seasons or times for reproduction.
Ecological - Occurs when species occupy different habitats.

44
Q

What are Post-zygotic Mechanisms?

A

Mechanisms that prevent the hybrid offspring from being viable.

45
Q

What are the key mechanisms of Post-zygotic Mechanisms?

A

Hybrid infertility - Zygotes fail to develop.
Hybrid Inviability - Young fail to reach sexual maturity.
Hybrid Infertility - Offspring are infertile (unable to produce viable gametes).

11 Biology Sem 1 (7 decks)

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