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Biology - Year 13 > 4.1 Sexual Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

4.1 Sexual Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the reproductive and urinary systems being closely bound together referred to as?

A

The Urinogenital System

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2
Q

Where are gametes produced?

A

In paired glands - called Gonads

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3
Q

What are the male gametes?

A

Spermatozoa (sing. spermatozoon)

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4
Q

What are the female gametes called?

A

Ova (sing. ovum)

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5
Q

Where are the testes (glands) situated?

A

In the scrotal sac - hangs outside main body cavity

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6
Q

What is the advantage of the scrotal sac hanging outside the main body cavity?

A

Allows the testes to be kept 2 - 3C lower than normal body temperature - optimum temp for sperm production

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7
Q

Besides sperm, what else do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone - makes the testes endocrine (secretion) glands.

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8
Q

Where is the sperm stored?

A

In coiled tubes - called the epididymis

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9
Q

Where is the sperm passed out after being stored?

A

Along the sperm duct - called the vas deferens

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10
Q

What is the process called where the sperm are carried in a fluid and passed out?

A

Ejaculation

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11
Q

What do the seminal vesicles & prostate glands do (exocrine glands)?

A

They secrete the fluid that the spermatozoa are transported in

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12
Q

What does the contraction of muscles around the prostate gland & seminal vesicle do?

A

Forces out fluid that mixes with the sperm

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13
Q

What does fluid from the seminal vesicle contain?

A

Fructose

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14
Q

What does the fluid from the prostate gland do?

A

It is alkaline, so neutralises the acid from the urine in the urethra and the acidity of the vaginal tract

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15
Q

What is the mixture of sperm and the fluid from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland called?

A

Semen

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16
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A

7.5

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17
Q

Where does the urethra run?

A

Through the penis

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18
Q

What does the urethra carry?

A

Semen during ejaculation, and urine during urination

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19
Q

What does the penis contain?

A

Spongy erectile tissue that can fill with blood when sexually stimulated

20
Q

What happens to the penis when sexually stimulated?

A

It enlarges, lengthens, and becomes rigid - known as erection

21
Q

Where are the ovaries held?

A

Near the base of the abdominal cavity

22
Q

Where do oocytes mature?

A

In follicles - these develop from cells in the germinal epithelium, around the periphery of the ovary.

23
Q

Where do mature follicles migrate?

A

The surface of the ovary - this is where a secondary oocyte is released at ovulation

24
Q

What do the oviducts do?

A

They are the site of fertilisation- they extend from the uterus and open as funnels close to the ovary.

25
Q

What do cilia do?

A

They sweep the secondary oocyte into the oviduct

26
Q

What do ciliated epithelial cells do?

A

They line the oviduct, and convey the secondary oocyte to the uterus

27
Q

What do the ovaries (endocrine glands) secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

28
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium - a thin layer around the outside
  2. Myometrium - a muscle layer
  3. Endometrium - the innermost layer
29
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

A mucous membrane, well supplied with blood
It builds up and sheds in a monthly cycle, unless an oocyte is fertilised

30
Q

What happens when an oocyte is fertilised?

A

It will implant itself in the endometrium, establishing a pregnancy

31
Q

Where is the vagina connected?

A

To the uterus at the cervix, and opening to the exterior at the vulva.

32
Q

What is the name for the production of gametes in the sex organs?

A

Gametogenesis

33
Q

What is the name for the formation of spermatozoa in the testes?

A

Spermatogenesis

34
Q

What is the name for the production of secondary oocytes in the ovaries?

A

Oogenesis

35
Q

What are inside of the testes?

A

Seminiferous Tubules

36
Q

What is each seminiferous tubule surrounded by?

A

A layer of germinal epithelium, which has spermatogonia sitting on it.

37
Q

Are germinal epithelium cells haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

38
Q

How do the cells of the germinal epithelium divide, and what do they make?

A

They divide by mitosis
They make diploid spermatogonia & more germinal epithelium cells

39
Q

What some of the spermatogonia do?

A

Stay near the edge of the tubule, forming more spermatogonia

40
Q

What do other spermatogonia do?

A

Move towards the middle of the tubule & grow larger - forming primary spermatocytes

41
Q

What does each primary spermatocyte divide by?

A

Meiosis

42
Q

What does the first meiotic division form?

A

Two secondary spermatocytes from each primary spermatocyte

43
Q

Are the secondary spermatocytes diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

44
Q

What does the second meiotic division of the secondary spermatocyte produce?

A

Two haploid spermatids

45
Q

What do the spermatids mature into?

A

Spermatozoon

46
Q

What are the developing sperm cells protected by?

A

Sertoli Cells - non dividing cells, and are very large

47
Q

What is needed for spermatogenesis to take place?

A

Male sex hormones - testosterone - secreted into the bloodstream by interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) stimulating process of spermatogenesis

Biology - Year 13 (3 decks)

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