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WJEC A2 Biology (English) > 4.1 - Sexual Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

4.1 - Sexual Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Define acrosome

A

An organelle in the tip of a sperm containing hydrolase enzymes which digest the zona pellucida of a secondary oocyte.

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2
Q

What is the amniotic fluid?

A

The liquid surrounding the embryo in the amniotic sac that protects the foetus and acts as a shock absorber.

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3
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

A ball of cells that arises from the repeated mitotic divisions (cleavage) of a zygote

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4
Q

Explain what the cervix is

A

A neck of tissue that connects the uterus and the vagina and protects the fetus

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5
Q

What is the chorionic villi?

A

Finger-like projections that arise from part of the placenta known as the chorion and provide a large surface area for the exchange of products between maternal and fetal blood

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6
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

An outer layer of follicular cells that protect the secondary oocyte in the oviduct

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7
Q

Define what the corpus luteum is

A

A mass of cells that forms from the Graafian follicle after ovulation. It serves as a temporary endocrine structure during pregnancy, secreting progesterone.

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8
Q

What are the cortical granules?

A

secretory organelles found in oocytes that, upon entry of a sperm, fuse with the plasma membrane and harden the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.

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9
Q

Explain what the endometrium is

A

The inner lining of the uterus, which, during the menstrual cycle, thickens in preparation for embryo implantation

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10
Q

What is the epididimis?

A

A coiled tube in the male reproductive system that links a testicle to a vas deferens and stores sperm prior to ejaculation

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11
Q

Define the female reproductive system

A

An organ system that includes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, endometrium, cervix and vagina

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12
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the nuclei of a male and female gamete to form a zygote

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13
Q

What is the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that binds to follicle cells, stimulating them to mature and secrete oestrogen

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14
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

A sequence of nuclear and cellular divisions that result in the production of gametes

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15
Q

Define the germinal epithelium

A

A surface layer of cells surrounding the ovaries in females and testicles in males that is involved in gametogenesis

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16
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

A mature fluid-filled follicle in the ovary within which an egg cell develops

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17
Q

Explain what the Human Choronic Gonadotropin (HCG) hormone is?

A

A hormone secreted by the developing embryo that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy

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18
Q

Define implantation

A

The early stage of pregnancy in which the blastocyst adheres and sinks into the endometrium

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19
Q

What are intervillous spaces?

A

Spaces between the chorionic villi that contain maternal blood

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20
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

Cells located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes that secrete testosterone. Also known as interstitial cells of Leydig.

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21
Q

Define the Luteinising Hormone (LH)

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that initiates ovulation and stimulates the development of the Graafian follicle into a corpus luteum

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22
Q

Explain what the male reproductive system is

A

An organ system in males which includes the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland

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23
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The monthly cycle in women that involves the development of the endometrium, ovulation and the shedding of the endometrium

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24
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A female sex hormone secreted by the mature follicle that inhibits the production of FSH and causes a surge in LH production. During pregnancy, it stimulates uterine growth and the development of the mammary glands

25
Q

What is oogenisis?

A

Gametogenisis in females that takes place in the ovaries and results in the production of secondary oocytes

26
Q

What is oogonia?

A

Immature female reproductive cells that have formed from primordial germ cells and mature to give primary oocytes

27
Q

What are the oviducts?

A

The tubes that transport egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus. They are the site of fertilisation and are commonly known as Fallopian tubes

28
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an ovum from a mature ovarian follicle into the oviduct

29
Q

Define what the ovum is

A

The female haploid gamete produced by gametogenisis

30
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that triggers the contraction of the uterus wall. It is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism

31
Q

Define what the penis is

A

The male sex organ that penetrates the vagina and releases sperm

32
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A temporary organ attached to the lining of the uterus during pregnancy. It has a variety of roles including the exchange of gases and nutrients, serving as a barrier between fetal and maternal blood and hormonal control

33
Q

Explain what a polar body is

A

A haploid cell produced during meiosis in females that does not have the ability to be fertilised

34
Q

What is the primary follicle?

A

An immature ovarian follicle surrounded by two layers of follicular cells

35
Q

Explain what the primary oocyte is

A

A diploid oocyte that has undergone growth but has not completed its first meiotic division

36
Q

What is a primary spermatocyte?

A

A diploid spermatocyte that has undergone growth but has not completed its first meiotic division

37
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A female sex hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that causes the development of the endometrium and inhibits the production of FSH and LH. During pregnancy, it suppresses contractions of the uterine wall

38
Q

What is prolactin?

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates lactation during and after birth

39
Q

Explain what the prostate gland is

A

A gland found between the bladder and the penis that secretes an alkaline fluid to neutralise vaginal acidity

40
Q

Define what the scrotum is

A

A pouch of skin that holds and maintains an optimum temperature for the testes

41
Q

What is the secondary follicle?

A

A larger follicle that has developed from a primary follicle

42
Q

Explain what the secondary oocytes are

A

Haploid cells that have completed meiosis I

43
Q

What are secondary spermatocytes?

A

Haploid cells that have completed meiosis I and give rise to spermatids

44
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

A pair of glands in the male reproductive system that secrete a protein and fructose-rich to nourish sperm

45
Q

Define what sertoli cells are

A

Cells located within the seminiferous tubules in the testes that provide nourishment and protection to cells produced during spermatogenisis

46
Q

Define what sexual intercourse is

A

The entry of the male reproductive organ and the deposition of sperm into the female reproductive tract

47
Q

What is a spermatid?

A

A haploid cell that results from the completion of the second meiotic division in spermatogenesis

48
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Gametogenesis in males that takes place in the seminiferous tubules and results in the production of spermatocytes

49
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

Immature male reproductive cells that have formed from primordial germ cells and mature to give primary spermatocytes

50
Q

What are spermatozoa?

A

The male haploid gamete produced by spermatogenesis

51
Q

Define what testes are

A

A pair of organs in the male reproductive system that produce sperm and testosterone

52
Q

Explain what an umbilical artery is

A

A paired artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

53
Q

What is an umbilical vein?

A

A vein that takes oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

54
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A tube responsible for the transfer of urine during urination (in both males and females) and semen during ejaculation (in males)

55
Q

Define what the uterus is

A

The organ in the female reproductive system in which the embryo develops

56
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The canal that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body. During sexual intercourse, it stimulates the penis to ejaculate.

57
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

A tube in the male reproductive system that transfers sperm from the epididymis during ejaculation

58
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte that provides protection and prevents polyspermy

59
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell formed by the fusion of a haploid oocyte and spermatozoa during fertilisation

WJEC A2 Biology (English) (12 decks)

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