4.1. Natural increase as a component of population change Flashcards
Crude Birth Rate
The number of live births per 1000 population in a given year
Fertility Rate
The number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years in a given year
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime,
Replacement-level fertility
The level at which those in each generation have just enough children to replace themselves in the population
Natural Change
Difference between the number of births and deaths in a country or region. This can be positive (natural increase) or negative (natural decrease)
Net Migration
Difference between immigration and emigration
Factors affecting fertility (RESTAGED)
1) Religion
2) Education
3) Status of women
4) Tradition
5) Age structure of population
6) Government policy
7) Economic factors
8) Death Rate (especially infant mortality rate)
Status of women (factors affecting fertility)
Females in many countries have gained equal opportunities as males; rather than becoming housewives. Women enter higher education, follow careers and marry late. This affects how many children they have as there are fewer fertile years in marriage
Education (factors affecting fertility)
Educated girls will seek employment (go to 1). Sex education in schools also leads to more awareness about contraceptives which lowers fertility rate.
Religious / Cultural Beliefs (factors affecting fertility)
Muslims and Catholics encourage big families and may discourage / forbid use of contraception. In many European countries, it is now more acceptable to get married around 30 years old. In Hindu culture, it is traditional for girls to marry around 16.
Tradition (factors affecting fertility)
In many parts of the world there is a cultural expectation that people will have large families and this tradition often overrides a woman’s desire to top childbearing. Another tradition that fosters large families is the expectation that women will marry at an early marriage and start having babies right away.
Death rate, especially the infant mortality rate (factors affecting fertility)
Where infant mortality is high, parents will ‘compensate’ for expected deaths by having more children than they actually want. This guarantees that at least some will survive to adulthood to look after their parents in old age. Improvements in healthcare, sanitation and diet can reduce child deaths.
Economic factors (factors affecting fertility)
Compulsory education makes it seem children are expensive to bring up. Teenagers eat a lot, outgrow their clothes, and are always seem to be in need of cash. Children are viewed as Economic Burdens / liability to the family.
Government Policies (factors affecting fertility)
Anti-natal policies in China (one child policy) and Pro-natal policies in Singapore.
Fertility Decline
- In 2007, United Nations predicted that global population would peak at 9.2 billion in 2050.
- Global peak population has been continually revised downwards in recent decades
- Fertility rates have fallen in most parts of the world
- A fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman is replacement-level fertility, below which populations eventually start falling