4.1. Natural increase as a component of population change Flashcards
Crude Birth Rate
The number of live births per 1000 population in a given year
Fertility Rate
The number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years in a given year
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime,
Replacement-level fertility
The level at which those in each generation have just enough children to replace themselves in the population
Natural Change
Difference between the number of births and deaths in a country or region. This can be positive (natural increase) or negative (natural decrease)
Net Migration
Difference between immigration and emigration
Factors affecting fertility (RESTAGED)
1) Religion
2) Education
3) Status of women
4) Tradition
5) Age structure of population
6) Government policy
7) Economic factors
8) Death Rate (especially infant mortality rate)
Status of women (factors affecting fertility)
Females in many countries have gained equal opportunities as males; rather than becoming housewives. Women enter higher education, follow careers and marry late. This affects how many children they have as there are fewer fertile years in marriage
Education (factors affecting fertility)
Educated girls will seek employment (go to 1). Sex education in schools also leads to more awareness about contraceptives which lowers fertility rate.
Religious / Cultural Beliefs (factors affecting fertility)
Muslims and Catholics encourage big families and may discourage / forbid use of contraception. In many European countries, it is now more acceptable to get married around 30 years old. In Hindu culture, it is traditional for girls to marry around 16.
Tradition (factors affecting fertility)
In many parts of the world there is a cultural expectation that people will have large families and this tradition often overrides a woman’s desire to top childbearing. Another tradition that fosters large families is the expectation that women will marry at an early marriage and start having babies right away.
Death rate, especially the infant mortality rate (factors affecting fertility)
Where infant mortality is high, parents will ‘compensate’ for expected deaths by having more children than they actually want. This guarantees that at least some will survive to adulthood to look after their parents in old age. Improvements in healthcare, sanitation and diet can reduce child deaths.
Economic factors (factors affecting fertility)
Compulsory education makes it seem children are expensive to bring up. Teenagers eat a lot, outgrow their clothes, and are always seem to be in need of cash. Children are viewed as Economic Burdens / liability to the family.
Government Policies (factors affecting fertility)
Anti-natal policies in China (one child policy) and Pro-natal policies in Singapore.
Fertility Decline
- In 2007, United Nations predicted that global population would peak at 9.2 billion in 2050.
- Global peak population has been continually revised downwards in recent decades
- Fertility rates have fallen in most parts of the world
- A fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman is replacement-level fertility, below which populations eventually start falling
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year
Maternal Mortality Rate
The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth per 1000 live births
Child Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of children under five per 1000 live births
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person is expected to live when born, assuming past trends continue
Factors affecting mortality (SOLAARISM)
1) Sex (gender) - woman less risky lifestyles
2) Occupation - riskier occupations have higher deaths
3) Literacy - more educated, better diets
4) Age - higher age higher chance of death
5) Access to food - Food security for life
6) Residence - urban areas higher
7) Income - higher, better access to medical care
8) Shelter - overcrowded, respiratory problems, infections
9) Medical Facilities - availability and quality
Factors affecting Infant Mortality Rate (CABBIESS)
1) Climate - Women living in harsh climates are more likely to contact disease such as Malaria
2) Age of Mother - older can look after child better
3) Birth Order - Mortality rate increases with birth order, because children don’t receive equal food and love from parents
4) Birth Interval - Babies born within reasonable time periods can benefit from resources available at home
5) Income - The better the income, the better education and healthcare for a woman and child
6) Education of Mother - Higher the educational levels of a mother, the less likely her baby runs risk of death. Educated mothers use reliable planning methods, and have a better health
7) Status of Women - If increase, her level of education and ability to take care of a child also increases
8) Sex of Infant - Boys are 60% more likely to be born prematurely than girls, so girls have lower mortality
Population Structure
The composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex
Population Pyramid
Is a bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex
Progressive (Rapid Growth) Pyramids
- Large base to show high fertility and birth rates
- Amount of people decreases as age goes up, indicating a lower standard of living
- Stage 2 of demographic transition
- Associated with developing countries like Brazil, Uganda, India
Regressive (Slow Growth) Pyramids
- Takes on a more rectangular shape
- Indicates population is remaining fairly steady
- Birth rates and death rates are similar
- Stage 4 of demographic transition
- Associated with developed countries like the UK, Germany and Canada
Negative Growth Pyramids
- Looks like a reverse pyramid
- Indicates the population of the country is decreasing
- Death rates are higher than birth rates
- Stage 4 or 5 of demographic transition
- Associated with countries like Austria, Japan, Italy
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in a population.
- Male births consistently exceed female births, for a combination of biological and social reasons
- However, after birth the gap begins to narrow until eventually females outnumber males, as at every age male mortality is higher than female mortality
- There are anomalies to the picture presented. In countries where the position of women is markedly
deprived, the overall sex ratio may show an excess of males. This is evident in India and China.
Dependency Ratio
Ratio between those of working age and those of non-working age
Dependency Ratio Formula
(Number aged 0-14 + number aged over 64) divide by (number aged 15-64) times 100
Elderly Dependency Ratio
The ratio of the number of people aged 65 and over to those of 15-64 years of age
Youth Dependency Ratio
The ratio of the number of people aged 0-14 to those of 15-64 years of age
