4.1 Natural increase as a component of population change Flashcards
What is Natural increase rate?
when the birth rate in a country is higher than the death rate, resulting in an increase in the population size
What is birth rate?
the number of live births per thousand of population per year.
What is death rate?
number of deaths per one thousand people per year
What is fertility rate?
the average number of live births a woman has during her lifetime.
What is infant mortality rate?
the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 for every 1,000 live births.
What factors affect mortality rates?
- poverty
- ageing population
- HIV/AIDs
- medical infrastructure
What is population structure?
- number of males/females within different age groups in a population
How do you work out dependency ratio?
number of dependants/number of independants
What is dependency ratio?
- a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64
- used to show how many people the working population in country supports
What are the issues caused by rapid population growth in rural areas?
- tension between tribes/races
- over cultivation=reduced nutrients in soil
- overgrazing of grassland as cattle number increases
- increase in deforestation and soil erosion as more land is farmed
- pollution for fertilisers/machinery
What are the issues caused by rapid population growth in Urban areas?
- low standards of living
- overcrowding
- traffic congestion inc
- pollution as shanty towns grow
- inadequate services e.g transport
What are the issues caused by rapid population growth in the whole country?
- shortage of food/resources
- lack of basic services e.g school
- higher unemployment/under employment
Why have death rates declined in developing countries?
- spread of medical knowledge
- improvements in healthcare
- cleaner water supplies/improved access to sanitation
What are causes of youthful population?
- death rate drop due to reduced infant mortatility
- high fertility
Why does fertility rate remain high in some countries?
- lack of contraception
- resistance to change
- lack of female education
Why has fertility rate decreased in some countries?
- Education:
- more women educated
- more women in workforce, less likely to have children - Economic:
- children are expensive
- many cannot afford - Fall in Infant mortality rate:
- less need to have lots of children as higher chance of survival
What are the issues caused by a youthful population in Uganda?
Health service:
- shortage of midwives an maternity hospitals
- 6000 women die in childbirth each year because of these shortages
- health service under pressure due to HIV/AIDS
- this situation could become worse in future as young people grow up
Education:
- only half of children in education - puts pressure on gov to create more child places
- education will reduce BR and spread of HIV/AIDS so is a priority
- when large number of children grow unemployment could rise further, causing poverty to increase
What policies have Uganda gov adopted to combat these problems?
Reduce Birth rate:
- encourage use of contraception through advertising, education and provision of free condoms
- clinics built/more doctors and nurses trained to help relieve pressure on health service
- ABC policy to reduce spread of HIV/AIDS
- money spent on training teachers/increasing school places
- to reduce unemployment, gov encouraged TNCs to set up factories
- gov increased spending on national infrastructure
- foreign aid encouraged
