4.1 Natural increase as a component of population change

Question 1

What is Natural increase rate?

Answer 1

when the birth rate in a country is higher than the death rate, resulting in an increase in the population size

Question 2

What is birth rate?

Answer 2

the number of live births per thousand of population per year.

Question 3

What is death rate?

Answer 3

number of deaths per one thousand people per year

Question 4

What is fertility rate?

Answer 4

the average number of live births a woman has during her lifetime.

Question 5

What is infant mortality rate?

Answer 5

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 for every 1,000 live births.

Question 6

What factors affect mortality rates?

Answer 6

• poverty
• ageing population
• HIV/AIDs
• medical infrastructure

Question 7

What is population structure?

Answer 7

• number of males/females within different age groups in a population

Question 8

How do you work out dependency ratio?

Answer 8

number of dependants/number of independants

Question 9

What is dependency ratio?

Answer 9

• a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64
• used to show how many people the working population in country supports

Question 10

What are the issues caused by rapid population growth in rural areas?

Answer 10

• tension between tribes/races
• over cultivation=reduced nutrients in soil
• overgrazing of grassland as cattle number increases
• increase in deforestation and soil erosion as more land is farmed
• pollution for fertilisers/machinery

Question 11

What are the issues caused by rapid population growth in Urban areas?

Answer 11

• low standards of living
• overcrowding
• traffic congestion inc
• pollution as shanty towns grow
• inadequate services e.g transport

Question 12

What are the issues caused by rapid population growth in the whole country?

Answer 12

• shortage of food/resources
• lack of basic services e.g school
• higher unemployment/under employment

Question 13

Why have death rates declined in developing countries?

Answer 13

• spread of medical knowledge
• improvements in healthcare
• cleaner water supplies/improved access to sanitation

Question 14

What are causes of youthful population?

Answer 14

• death rate drop due to reduced infant mortatility
• high fertility

Question 15

Why does fertility rate remain high in some countries?

Answer 15

1. lack of contraception
2. resistance to change
3. lack of female education

Question 16

Why has fertility rate decreased in some countries?

Answer 16

1. Education:
   - more women educated
   - more women in workforce, less likely to have children
2. Economic:
   - children are expensive
   - many cannot afford
3. Fall in Infant mortality rate:
   - less need to have lots of children as higher chance of survival

Question 17

What are the issues caused by a youthful population in Uganda?

Answer 17

Health service:
- shortage of midwives an maternity hospitals
- 6000 women die in childbirth each year because of these shortages
- health service under pressure due to HIV/AIDS
- this situation could become worse in future as young people grow up

Education:
- only half of children in education - puts pressure on gov to create more child places
- education will reduce BR and spread of HIV/AIDS so is a priority
- when large number of children grow unemployment could rise further, causing poverty to increase

Question 18

What policies have Uganda gov adopted to combat these problems?

Answer 18

Reduce Birth rate:
- encourage use of contraception through advertising, education and provision of free condoms
- clinics built/more doctors and nurses trained to help relieve pressure on health service
- ABC policy to reduce spread of HIV/AIDS
- money spent on training teachers/increasing school places
- to reduce unemployment, gov encouraged TNCs to set up factories
- gov increased spending on national infrastructure
- foreign aid encouraged