4.1 - Ionic Bonding and Structure Flashcards
What is an ion and how is it formed
an ion is an electrically charged particle, which is formed when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains one or more electrons
Why is an atom electrically neutral
an atom is neutral because the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (-), which cancels each other out
what happens to protons and electrons during a chemical reaction
Protons within the nucleus of an atom are not transferred. However, valence electrons (electrons on the outermost shell), can be transferred when atoms react
what happens to atoms when the chemically combine
each atom is no longer neutral and becomes ions with an electric charge
what will determine the charge of an ion
the number of electrons that are lost or gained
why do atoms form ions
atoms form ions to gain a stable octet with a full outer shell like noble gases. This achieves stability
how do atoms become stable ions
by losing or gaining the appropriate number of electrons in order to gain stability
What happens when an atom gains electrons
when an atom gains electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion, which are called ‘anions’
(more electrons which have a negative charge)
what happens when an atom loses electrons
when an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion which are called ‘cations’
(more protons which have a positive charge)
How does an elements position on the periodic table predict the type of ion that it will form
elements to the right of the pt. (non-metals) are closer to gaining a full outer shell and gain electrons to become stable
elements to the left of the pt. (metals) are not as close to gaining a full outer shell and it is easier to lose electrons to become stable
what is the octet rule
atoms either share electrons (covalent bonding) or lose or gain electrons (ionic bonding) to achieve the electron configurations of noble gases.
why do transition metals have multiple ions
They have the ability to lose different numbers of electrons from their d sub-shell, forming stable ions with different charges
explain how Iron (Fe) has two ions
Ground state atom = <Ar> 3d64s2</Ar>
Fe2+ion = <Ar> 3d6
(the atom has lost 2 electrons from 4s orbital)</Ar>
Fe3+ion = <Ar> 3d5
(the atom has lost 3 electrons, 2 from 4s orbital and 1 from 3d orbital)</Ar>
which is more stable Fe2+ or Fe3+ and why
Fe3+ because it has a half-filled d orbital with 5 electrons
What is the Aufbau principle
half filled and completely-filled d-orbitals are more stable than partially-filled orbitals
how does Fe2+ and Fe3+ differ in properties
Fe(II) is a ferrous ion that is a pale green solution and turns violet when dissolved in water
Fe(III) is a feric ion that is yellow-brown in aqueous form
how does Cu2+ and Cu+ differ in properties
blue Cu2+ ion changes to a red Cu+ ion when warmed with glucose
what are polyatomic ions
ion composed of multiple atoms, covalently bonded and together they gain or lose electrons to become stable and carry a charge
nitrate and nitrite formula
nitrate = NO3-
nitrite = NO2-
difference between ate and ite
ite means 1 less oxygen than ate form
hydroxide formula
OH-
carbonate formula
CO3(2-)
sulfate and sulfite formula
sulfate = SO4(2-)
sulfite = SO3(2-)
phosphate and phosphite formula
phosphate = PO4(3-)
phosphite = PO3(3-)
ammonium formula
NH4+
hydrogen carbonate formula
HCO3-
how do positive cations form
when metals lose their valence electrons to obtain full outer shell
how to negative anions form
when non-metals gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell
How does ionic bonding occur through the process of ionization
Electrons transfer between atoms
- atom that loses electrons directly passes them to an atom that gains them
process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged ions, by the gain or loss of electrons.
