4.1 - Ionic Bonding and Structure

Question 1

What is an ion and how is it formed

Answer 1

an ion is an electrically charged particle, which is formed when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains one or more electrons

Question 2

Why is an atom electrically neutral

Answer 2

an atom is neutral because the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (-), which cancels each other out

Question 3

what happens to protons and electrons during a chemical reaction

Answer 3

Protons within the nucleus of an atom are not transferred. However, valence electrons (electrons on the outermost shell), can be transferred when atoms react

Question 4

what happens to atoms when the chemically combine

Answer 4

each atom is no longer neutral and becomes ions with an electric charge

Question 5

what will determine the charge of an ion

Answer 5

the number of electrons that are lost or gained

Question 6

why do atoms form ions

Answer 6

atoms form ions to gain a stable octet with a full outer shell like noble gases. This achieves stability

Question 7

how do atoms become stable ions

Answer 7

by losing or gaining the appropriate number of electrons in order to gain stability

Question 8

What happens when an atom gains electrons

Answer 8

when an atom gains electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion, which are called ‘anions’

(more electrons which have a negative charge)

Question 9

what happens when an atom loses electrons

Answer 9

when an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion which are called ‘cations’

(more protons which have a positive charge)

Question 10

How does an elements position on the periodic table predict the type of ion that it will form

Answer 10

elements to the right of the pt. (non-metals) are closer to gaining a full outer shell and gain electrons to become stable

elements to the left of the pt. (metals) are not as close to gaining a full outer shell and it is easier to lose electrons to become stable

Question 11

what is the octet rule

Answer 11

atoms either share electrons (covalent bonding) or lose or gain electrons (ionic bonding) to achieve the electron configurations of noble gases.

Question 12

why do transition metals have multiple ions

Answer 12

They have the ability to lose different numbers of electrons from their d sub-shell, forming stable ions with different charges

Question 13

explain how Iron (Fe) has two ions

Answer 13

Ground state atom = <Ar> 3d64s2</Ar>

Fe2+ion = <Ar> 3d6
(the atom has lost 2 electrons from 4s orbital)</Ar>

Fe3+ion = <Ar> 3d5
(the atom has lost 3 electrons, 2 from 4s orbital and 1 from 3d orbital)</Ar>

Question 14

which is more stable Fe2+ or Fe3+ and why

Answer 14

Fe3+ because it has a half-filled d orbital with 5 electrons

Question 15

What is the Aufbau principle

Answer 15

half filled and completely-filled d-orbitals are more stable than partially-filled orbitals

Question 16

how does Fe2+ and Fe3+ differ in properties

Answer 16

Fe(II) is a ferrous ion that is a pale green solution and turns violet when dissolved in water

Fe(III) is a feric ion that is yellow-brown in aqueous form

Question 17

how does Cu2+ and Cu+ differ in properties

Answer 17

blue Cu2+ ion changes to a red Cu+ ion when warmed with glucose

Question 18

what are polyatomic ions

Answer 18

ion composed of multiple atoms, covalently bonded and together they gain or lose electrons to become stable and carry a charge

Question 19

nitrate and nitrite formula

Answer 19

nitrate = NO3-

nitrite = NO2-

Question 20

difference between ate and ite

Answer 20

ite means 1 less oxygen than ate form

Question 21

hydroxide formula

Answer 21

OH-

Question 22

carbonate formula

Answer 22

CO3(2-)

Question 23

sulfate and sulfite formula

Answer 23

sulfate = SO4(2-)

sulfite = SO3(2-)

Question 24

phosphate and phosphite formula

Answer 24

phosphate = PO4(3-)

phosphite = PO3(3-)

Question 25

ammonium formula

Answer 25

NH4+

Question 26

hydrogen carbonate formula

Answer 26

HCO3-

Question 27

how do positive cations form

Answer 27

when metals lose their valence electrons to obtain full outer shell

Question 28

how to negative anions form

Answer 28

when non-metals gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell

Question 29

How does ionic bonding occur through the process of ionization

Answer 29

Electrons transfer between atoms
- atom that loses electrons directly passes them to an atom that gains them

process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged ions, by the gain or loss of electrons.