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4. R: Stalinist dictatorship and reaction 1941-64 > 4.1 Economic and agricultral Developments > Flashcards

4.1 Economic and agricultral Developments Flashcards

1
Q

econ 1945-53

4th 5 year plan aims

A
  • 1946-50
  • to catch up w usa
  • rebuild heavy industry + transport
  • revive the Ukraine - 1/3 expenditure allocated here
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2
Q

econ 1945-53

4th 5 year plan detail

A
  • use of extensive reparations from East germany
  • maintences of wartime controls on labour force - long hours, low wages. high targets]
  • canals and HEP plants
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3
Q

econ 1945-53

4th 5 year plan results

A
  • USSR 2nd to us in industrial capital
  • most heavy industry targets met
  • production doubled
  • uberan workforce increased 67-72 mil
  • industrially stronger than pre-war
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4
Q

econ 1945-53

5th 5 year plan aims

A
  • 1951-55
  • dev heavy industry and transport
  • consumer goods, housing + services recieve stronger investment
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5
Q

econ 1945-53

5th five year plan details

A
  • continued 4th five year plan but resources diverted to rearmerment during Korean war (50-53)
  • After stalins death, Malenkov reduced expenditure of military and heavy industry
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6
Q

econ 1945-53

5th five year plan results

A
  • most growth target smet
  • NI increased 71%
  • Malenkov changes met opposition resulting in him loosing leadership
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7
Q

agriculture 45-53

4th 5 year plan details

A
  • Massive state direction: high quotas for grain and livestock/low peasant wages
  • Higher taxes on produce from privare plots and private land absorbed in the war returned to kolkhozes
  • Tree plantations, canals and irrigation ditches to make more land usable
  • Followed Ideas of scientist Trofim Lysenko
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8
Q

agriculture 45-53

4th 5 year plan aims

A
  • force Kolkhozes to deliver agriculture products
  • revive wheat fields of ukraine
  • transform nature + revitalise barren land
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9
Q

agriculture 45-53

4th five year plan results

A
  • State precured 70 per cent of 1946 harvest, leaving peasants with little
  • Output of kolkhozes increased (and food rationing ended 1947) but not to 1930s levels
  • Incentives remained lowr
  • Almost a half of output carne from private plots
  • Lagged behind industry
  • Lysenko’ ideas perpetuated inaccurate theories which held farming back.
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10
Q

agriculture 45-53

5th five year plan aims

A
  • Continuation of the Fourth Five Year Plan’s alms plus Khrushchev’s initiative to develop virgin lands
    and build ‘agrocities’ from 1953
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11
Q

agriculture 45-53

5th five year plan details

A
  • High procurement levels maintained
  • Expansion of agriculture in formerly uncultivated areas
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12
Q

agriculture 45-53

5th five year plan results

A

Agricultural production still behind industry and not yet to level of 1940

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13
Q

Decentralization and Industrial Planning under Krushchev

Industrial Targets and Administration

A
  • Moscow-based ministers set industrial targets for enterprises, often out of touch with local conditions.
  • system became increasingly complex and inefficient as the number of enterprises grew.
  • too few administrators to manage the system effectively.
  • Enterprises judged on fulfilling output targets, given bonuses accordingly.
  • Exceeding targets led to higher targets the next year, discouraging managers from innovation and improvement.
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14
Q

Decentralization and Industrial Planning under Krushchev

Disincentives and Inefficiencies

A
  • Output targets usually assessed by weight, favoring heavy goods over lighter, possibly more desirable items.
  • Inefficient resource use required increasing capital investment to maintain growth, leading to stagnation.
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15
Q

Decentralization and Industrial Planning under Krushchev

Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956)

A
  • Launched with over-optimistic targets
  • abandoned after two years.
  • new 7 year plan announced 1959 w/ Supreme Economic Council supervising
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16
Q

Decentralization and Industrial Planning under Krushchev

Decentralization in 1957

A
  • Sixty Moscow ministries abolished.
  • USSR divided into 105 economic regions, each with its own local economic council (sovnarkhoz) to plan and supervise economic affairs.
  • had political motive: removing Malenkov’s men from central ministries and expanding Khrushchev’s patronage network in localities.
  • shifted industrial management to local Party officials, fostering greater decentralization.
17
Q

industrial change under Krushchev

7 year plan 1959

A
  • improved living standards
  • 40h work wek
  • 40% wage rise by 1965
  • vast expansion of chemicals industry, fertilisers and artificial fibres
  • housing factories to produce prefabricated sections for new flats
  • increased production of consumer goods
  • greater exploitation of USSR’s resources - natural gas, oil and coal - and building of power stations.
18
Q

industrial change under Krushchev

Communications and Technology

A
  • Impressive displays at the 1958 Brussels World Fair.
  • Railways: Many lines electrified or converted to diesel; network expanded.
  • Air Transport: Expanded with Aeroflot offering subsidized, cheap long-distance travel, often undercutting railways.
19
Q

industrial change under Krushchev

space achievements

A
  • 1957: USSR launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik.
  • 1957: Sputnik II took a dog, Laika, into orbit.
  • 1959: Red flag placed on the moon; pictures of the dark side of the moon taken.
  • 1959: Icebreaker Lenin launched, the world’s first civil nuclear-powered ship.
  • 1961: Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space.
  • 1963: Valentina Tereshkova became the first female cosmonaut.
20
Q

Result of Industrial Change

Decentralization and Bureaucracy

A
  • Khrushchev’s decentralization measures added another layer of bureaucracy.
  • The system was abandoned in 1965, shortly after Khrushchev’s fall from power.
21
Q

Result of Industrial Change

Standards of Living

A

Standards of living improved, but quality of life still had severe limitations.

22
Q

Result of Industrial Change

Economic Distortion

A
  • Heavy spending on armaments and the space race distorted the economy.
  • USSR narrowed the economic growth gap with the USA but did not overtake it.
23
Q

Result of Industrial Change

Industrial Growth

A
  • Soviet industrial growth slowed significantly from 1958.
  • Growth rate fell from over 10% per annum in the previous decade to 7.5% in 1964.
  • Consumer industries experienced only a 2% growth in 1964.
24
Q

Agriculture Under Khrushchev (1953-64)

Criticism and Initial Actions

A
  • 1953, Khrushchev criticized Stalin’s agricultural policies and unreliable statistics.
  • highlighted grain output and livestock numbers were lower than in the last years of tsarist Russia.
  • Despite criticizing Stalin’s methods, he continued to support some scientifically dubious ideas, like those of Trofim Lysenko.
25
Q

Agriculture Under Khrushchev (1953-64)

Incentives and Reforms

A
  • Raised state procurement prices for agricultural goods (grain prices up by ~25% between 1953-1956).
  • Reduced state procurement quotas.
  • Reduced taxes and made them payable based on plot size rather than livestock ownership.
  • Cut quotas on private plots and removed the meat delivery requirement for peasants without animals.
  • Allowed collectives to set their own production targets and manage their land.
26
Q

Agriculture Under Khrushchev (1953-64)

Infrastructure and Production Increases

A
  • Connected more farms to the electricity grid.
  • Launched 1962 campaign for increased use of chemical fertilizers.
  • increased use of farm machinery, disbanded Machine Tractor Stations in 1958, converted them into repair stations.
  • Merged collectives to create larger farms, halving the number of collectives from 1950-1960.
27
Q

Virgin land scheme

A
  • Aimed to cultivate previously unused grazing lands in western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan.
  • By 1956, 35.9 million hectares of virgin land were ploughed for wheat.
  • Massive campaign to attract farmers and Komsomol members to settle and work on these new farms.
  • Resulted in a significant increase in cultivated land, contributing to agricultural production.
28
Q

Krushchev other agriculture campaignes

A
  • New Crop Campaigns: aiming to address food shortages and enhance fodder production.
  • 1959 USA Visit: After visiting 1959, promoted production of maize-based products e.g. cornflakes
  • Campaign Against Private Cows: encouraging their transfer to collective farms.
  • ‘Agrocities’ Concept: = large collective farm towns to modernize rural living and work conditions, though this idea remained unrealized.
29
Q

Krushchev agriculture results

A
  • private plots remained significant contributors to peasant income and produce sales.
  • Constant price alterations by state officials led to difficulties in planning and frustrations among farmers, impacting output negatively.
  • Virgin Lands Scheme saw declining success due to unforeseen climatic conditions, land erosion, and soil infertility.
  • Over-enthusiastic implementation led to unsound agricultural practices and limited productivity gains.

4. R: Stalinist dictatorship and reaction 1941-64 (7 decks)

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