4.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards
5 words/steps to remember cell communication and the specific immune response
Exposure/presentation, selection, expansion/proliferation, differentiation, action
Lymphocytes
Smaller than pathogens
Large nucleus that almost fills the cell
Made in bone marrow
2 types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes features
Mature in the thymus
Have highly specific receptors in their membrane
What do T lymphocytes do
Respond to changed cells
Selection of correct T cell leads to differentiation into a variety of T cells
‘Changed cells’ examples
Infected cells, antigen-presenting cells, ‘non-self’ cells, mutated cell
4 types of T cells
T helper, T killer, T memory, T regulator
B lymphocytes features
Remain in the bone marrow until mature
Congregate in lymph nodes and spleen
What do B lymphocytes do
Have highly specific antibodies in the membrane
Selection of correct B cell leads to differentiation into ‘B plasma/effector’ cells (which produce antibodies) and ‘B memory cells
What do T-lymphocytes form
Cell mediated response
What do B lymphocytes form
The ‘humoral response’
Exposure/presentation
Pathogens in body
Macrophages engulf pathogens and present the pathogen antigens on their own cell surface membrane
Selection
Highly specific receptors - (T cells)
Antibody receptors- (B cells)
Cell is selected
Expansion/proliferation
Selected cell divides by mitosis
Differention
Cells differentiate for specific roles
Action in T cells
The differentiated cells act
T regulator cells
Suppress immune system acting to control and regulate it
Stops immune response once pathogen has been eliminated
T killer cells
Destroys the infected cells carrying the antigen by producing a chemical called perforing which makes holes in the cell membrane so it is freely permeable allowing toxins to enter
T memory cells
Remain in the blood and if it meets antigen again they divide rapidly forming clones of T killer cells that destroy pathogens
T helper cells
Produce interleukins which stimulate activity of B cell, increasing antibody production
B plasma cells
Makes antibodies and releases into circulation
B effector cells
Divide to form the plasma cell clones
B memory cells
Remember specific antigen and enable body to make a rapid response
How many antibodies can each B cell produce
Each B cell can only produce one type of antibody and each B cell is unique
