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13A/Ch1 > 4.1 Basic concepts & Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

4.1 Basic concepts & Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a Homologous series?

A

substances in a series with the same functional group and successive members differ only by a CH2

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2
Q

What’s an Aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

when carbons joined in either straight or branched chains

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3
Q

What’s an Alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

when carbons joined in ring structure

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4
Q

What’s an Aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

when carbons joined with at least 1 benzene ring in the structure

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5
Q

What’s the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A 
Saturated= only single bonds
Unsaturated= contains at least 1 double bond
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6
Q

What’s a functional group?

A

group of atoms responsible for a characteristic reaction of a compound

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7
Q

What’s a General formula?

A

simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

e.g Cn H2n+2

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8
Q

What’s a Displayed formula?

A

shows positions of atoms and every bond

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9
Q

What’s a Structural formula?

A

minimum ordered arrangement of atoms

e.g. CH3CH2CH3

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10
Q

What’s a Molecular formula?

A

shows number and type of atoms

e.g C6H12O6

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11
Q

What’s an Empirical formula?

A

show the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of the elements in a compound

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12
Q

What’s a skeletal formula?

A

simplified formula that uses line and doesn’t show hydrogen’s in alkyl chain

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13
Q

What’s a Structural isomer?

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formulas

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14
Q

What’s a Stereoisomer?

A

molecules with same molecular & structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space?

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15
Q

What e/z isomerism?

A

type of stereoisomer where different groups arranged around a c double bond

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16
Q

What Cis-Trans isomerism?

A

type of E/Z isomerism but the 2 substituents on each carbons the same

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17
Q

What would an ‘e’ isomer look like?

A

e for enemies

highest priority substituents on opposite ends(diagonal)

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18
Q

What would a ‘Z’ isomer look like?

A

highest priority substituents on the same side of the double bond(straight line)

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19
Q

What would a Cis-isomer look like?

A

same group same side (straight line)

basically z

20
Q

What would a Trans-isomer look like?

A

same groups on opposite sides

basically e

21
Q

What’s Homolytic fission, what’s the product?

A

two covalent bonds break and electrons split equally to creates radicals

22
Q

What’s Heterolytic fission, what’s the product?

A

two covalent bonds break and electrons split unequally

• creates Ions (positive and negative)

23
Q

Summarise Free Radical substitution to form a Haloalkane

A
  1. Initiation- generate radicals with UV light
  2. Propagation- 2 steps
    • radical + alkane→ alkyl radical + acid
    • alkyl radical + halogen → new radical + haloalkane
  3. termination- reactions to remove all remaining radicals
24
Q

What’s an Alkane?

A

Saturated hydrocarbon homologous series

25
Q

What’s are some features of Alkanes?

A
  • longer chains = increasing boiling point
  • only weak London(dispersion) forces
  • non polar
  • only σ bonds
26
Q

What happens in Complete combustion?

A

enough oxygen for substance to burn with clean blue flame and produces max thermal energy + co2 + water

27
Q

What happens in Incomplete combustion?

A

not enough oxygen for substance to burn.
makes orange flame and produces less energy
CO2 + water + CO

28
Q

What’s an Alkene?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon homologous series

29
Q

What’s are some features of Alkanes?

A
  • longer chains = increasing boiling point
  • can undergo addition reactions
  • more reactive
  • contain both π and σ bonds
  • double bonds so can show sterioisomersm
30
Q

What’s a Nucleophile?

A

electron pair donors

atoms with lone pair electrons & negative ions

31
Q

What’s an Electrophile?

A

electron pair acceptors

positve ions & partial positives

32
Q

How do you go from Alkane to Alkene?

A

cracking

• High temperatures

33
Q

How do you go from Alkene to Alkane?

A

Hydrogenation (H2) of Alkenes

• High temperature and nickel catalyst

34
Q

What the difference between halogenation of Alkanes and Alkenes?

A 
Alkanes = free radical substitution reaction (needs UV )
alkenes = simple addition reaction
35
Q

In Alkene addition mechanisms how do the arrows move

A

from double bond to electrophile

then nucleophile to carbocation

36
Q

How do you go from an Alkene to an Alcohol?

A

Hydration with steam(H2O)
• High temperature and pressure
• Phosphoric acid catalyst

37
Q

How does the type of carbocation affect its stability?

A

the less hydrogens around the carbocation the more stable

∴ tertiary carbocation most stable & primary least stable

38
Q

What happens when many Alkenes join together?

A

forms a polymer

39
Q

What is a Repeating unit?

A

The structure that repeat over and over again

closed of in brackets with n on outside

40
Q

Why are Polymers useful?

A

versatile with many uses, are also saturated compounds so they’re vey stable

41
Q

Why are landfills a bad way to dispose Polymer waste?

A

when we bury the rubbish, conditions become anaerobic which reduces the decomposition rate of biodegrable materials

42
Q

Why is combustion a bad way to dispose Polymer waste?(2)

A

• Polymers release green house gases when burnt(CO2)
- Greenhouse gases contribute too climate change
• Other plastics may release other toxic gases

43
Q

What are some ways we can combat Polymer waste?

A
  • reduce unnecessary usage
  • reusing plastics
  • recycling
  • using biodegradable polymers
  • using photodegradable polymers
44
Q

What are Bio & Photo degradable polymer?

A
  • Bio= broken down by microorganisms & the environment

* Photo= breakdown using energy wavelengths similar to light

45
Q

What’s a bioplastic?

A

Material made from renewable source that biodegradable

46
Q

Why is the difference between branched and unbranched hydrocarbons

A

• Unbranched isomers tend to be longer,
∴ Higher Bp & Mp
• Unbranched has more points of contact
• Unbranched has stronger/more induced dipole dipole forces

47
Q

uncertainty Eq?

A

(absolute uncertainty *2)/ value measured

13A/Ch1 (6 decks)

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