4.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons Flashcards
homologous series definition
series of organic compounds having the same functional group, with each successive member differing by CH2
functional group definition
group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
alkyl group definition
of formula CnH2n+1
aliphatic definition
compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
alicyclic definition
aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with(out) side chains
aromatic definition
compound containing a benzene ring
benzene ring definition
functional group where carbon atoms are bounded to each other by alternating single and double bonds
saturated definition
containing only single bonds
unsaturated definition
containing multiple carbon-carbon bonds and aromatic rings
structural isomers definition
another compound with the same molecular formula but with different bonds between them
general formula definition
simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
e.g. CnH2n+2
structural formula definition
minimal detail showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule
displayed formula definition
relative position of atoms and the bonds between them
skeletal formula definition
simplified organic formula
shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains
just carbon skeleton and associated functional group
structural isomer definition
compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae
types of covalent bond fission
heterolytic fission
homolytic fission
heterolytic fission definition
one bonding atom receives both electrons from bonded pair
forms cations and anions
homolytic fission definition
each bonding atom receives one electron from bonded pair
forms 2 radicals
radical definition
species with an unpaired electron
“curly arrow” uses
movement of an electron pair
shows heterolytic fission or formation of covalent bond
alkane definition
saturated hydrocarbon
contains single C-C bonds and C-H bonds as sigma bonds
free rotation of sigma bond
reaction mechanism definition
how a reaction takes place
addition reaction definition
two reactants join together to form one product
substitution reaction definition
atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
elimination reaction definition
removal of a small molecule from a larger one
effect of chain length on boiling point
longer chain length = larger surface area = more surface contact possible between molecules = greater London forces = more energy required to overcome forced