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Chemistry > 4.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons > Flashcards

4.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

Define nomenclature

A

The system used for naming organic compounds

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2
Q

What does the term empirical formula mean ?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

What does the term molecular formula mean ?

A

The formula showing the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecules

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4
Q

What does the term displayed formula mean?

A

A formula showing minimum detail of atoms and the bonds between them

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5
Q

What does the term structural formula mean?

A

It shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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6
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

A type of formula which is drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms are not drawn, it is assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H

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7
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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8
Q

What is a functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

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9
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain

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10
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains

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11
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring

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12
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

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13
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

Cn H2n

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14
Q

What is the general formula of Alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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15
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Organic compounds which only contain single bonds

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16
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Organic compounds that contain at least one C=C covalent bond

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17
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be can be formed?

A
  1. Alkyl group can be in different places eg 2-methylpentane or 3-methylpentane
  2. Functional groups can be bonded to different parts eg 2-bromopentane or 3-bromopentane
    3.There can be different functional groups
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19
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space

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20
Q

What is E-Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided?

A

E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C double bonds
If the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen)
isomer
If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer

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21
Q

What is Cis-trans isomerism?

A

Special type of E/Z isomerism where the
two substituents on each carbon atom
are the same

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22
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

It happens when each bonding atom
receives one electron from the bonded
pair forming two radicals

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23
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When one bonding atom receives both
electrons from the bonded pair

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24
Q

What are radicals?

A

A highly reactive species with one or more unpaired of electrons

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25
Q

How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?

A

The radicals collide and the electrons are involved the bond formation

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26
Q

What is a general formula?

A

It is the simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series.
Eg Cn H2n+2

27
Q

CH3CH2CH2CH3
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Butane
Alkane
C-C

28
Q

CH3CHCH2
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Propane
Alkene
C=C

29
Q

CH3CH(CH3)CH3
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Methylpropane
Alkanes (branched)
(The use of brackets means its branched)

30
Q

CH3CH2OH
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Ethanol
Alcohol
OH

31
Q

CH3CH2CHO
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Propanal
Aldehyde
CHO

32
Q

CH3COCH3
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Propanone
Ketone
C-CO-C
O double bond is in the middle so it’s a ketone if it’s on the edge it’s an aldehyde

33
Q

CH3CH2CH2COOH
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Butanoic acid
Carboxylic acids
COOH

34
Q

CH3CH2Br
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Bromoethane
Halogenoalkane
Presence of halogen eg Br

35
Q

C5H10
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

Cyclopentane
Cycloalkanes
CnH2n

36
Q

CH3COOCH3
Name the compound
Then state the homologous series and its formula

A

1-Methylethanoate
Ester
COOCH3
anoate

37
Q

State the order of importance of the functional groups

A

Carboxylic acid
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Alkene
Haloalkanes

38
Q

A hydrocarbon contains 82.76% carbon and 17.24% hydrogen. Calculate
the hydrocarbon’s empirical formula

A

Step 1: Imagine you have 100 g of the substance - it would contain
82.76 g of carbon and 17.24 g of hydrogen.
Step2: C:H
82.76÷12 : 17.24÷1
6.90 : 17.24
Step 3: 6.90÷6.90 : 17.24÷6.90
1: 2.5

Step 4: you multiply both sides by two 2 : 5
Step 5: The empirical formula is C2H5

39
Q

A compound has the empirical formula CH2O and relative atomic mass 60.0.
Calculate its molecular mass

A

Step 1: (1×12) + (2×1) + (1×16)=30
Step 2: 60.0÷30.0=2
Step 3: The empirical formula is C2H4O2

40
Q

What is bond fission?

A

The breaking of covalent bond.
The electron pair in the bond can be distributed in two ways hemolytic and hemolytic

41
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon containing C-H bonds only

42
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

43
Q

Are alkane bonds polar? Why/why not?

A

Nonpolar since carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities

44
Q

What is the shape and angle of an alkane?

A

Tetrahedral with an angle of 109.5

45
Q

Describe the σ (sigma) bond in alkane

A

The sigma bond is a covalent bond bond with a direct sideways overlap of the electron clouds of thr bonding atom

46
Q

What type of intermolecular forces do alkanes have? Why?

A

London forces →induced dipole-dipole interaction because the bonds are nonpolar

47
Q

What happens to the boiling point as alkane chain length increases? Why?

A

The boiling point increases due to an increase in surface area and so more number of induced dipole-dipole interactions therefore more energy is required to overcome the attraction

48
Q

Are alkanes soluble in water? Why?

A

Insoluble because hydrogen bonds in water are stronger than the alkanes London forces of attraction

49
Q

How reactive are alkanes?

A

Very unreactive

50
Q

What reaction will alkanes undergo?

A

Cubustion as well as reacting with halogens

51
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

Oxidisation reaction

52
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Combustion that occurs with plentiful supply of air

53
Q

What are the products of complete combustion when alkanes are used?

A

Carbondioxide and water

54
Q

What flame must you use with a bunsen burner for complete combustion?

A

Blue flame

55
Q

What is incomplete combustion and what products are formed in the case of alkanes?

A

Combustion in a limited supply of oxygen
Products: water,carbondioxide and carbonmonoxide

56
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is most likely to undergo incomplete combustion? Why?

A

Longer chains, since there is an increased chance of a oxygen deficite

57
Q

What is the environmental impact of carbon monoxide?

A

It’s toxic/poisonous

58
Q

What is the environmental impact of soot (carbon)?

A

Asthma, cancer, global dimming

59
Q

By what mechanism are halogenoalkanes formed from alkanes?

A

Radical substitution

60
Q

What is needed for an alkane to react with a halogen?

A

UV radiation

61
Q

What are the three stages of free radical substitution?

A

Initiation - breaking halogen bond to form free radicals
Propergation - chain part of the reaction where products are formed but free radicals remain
Termination - free radicals are removed, stable products are formed

62
Q

Write the equation for the reaction of CH4 with Cl2

A
63
Q

What are alkenes?

A

A homologous series that has unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C=C

Chemistry (6 decks)

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