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Biology - BY4 > 4.1 - 4.2: A.T.P and Respiration. > Flashcards

4.1 - 4.2: A.T.P and Respiration. Flashcards

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0
Q

Where does the energy in food come from?

A

In the creation of bonds between atoms.

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1
Q

In what form is the chemical energy in food stored?

A

The energy is held in chemical bonds and can be released by breaking bonds.

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2
Q

What is the energy released through respiration used for?

A

The basic processes of life.

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3
Q

What are the basic processes of life?

A 
Movment
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition.
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4
Q

How is the energy released through respiration used to maintain the body temperature of warm-blooded animals?

A

On cold days muscles use the energy to shiver

On hot days, sweating uses energy.

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5
Q

What process occurs in all living cells?

A

Respiration.

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6
Q

What other process also happens in all plant cells?

A

Photosynthesis.

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7
Q

What does A.T.P stand for?

A

Adenosine triposphate.

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8
Q

What three molecules make up A.T.P?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Triphosphate chain.

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9
Q

What are the three phosphate groups in A.T.P linked by?

A

High energy bonds.

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10
Q

How can energy be released from the high energy bonds?

A

By breaking them down via hydrolysis using the group of enzymes called A.T.P hydrolase enzymes.

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11
Q

What is produced once after the hydrolysis of the first phosphate group in the chain and the equation for this process.

A

Adenosine diphosphate.

A.T.P +H₂O → A.D.P + Pi(inorganic phosphate) + energy

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12
Q

How much energy does the hydrolysis of A.T.P to produce A.D.P release?

A

30KJ

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13
Q

Relative to the hydrolysis of A.T.P how much energy is released through the hydrolysis of A.D.P?

A

Much less. (Around about 15KJ).

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14
Q

Can A.M.P (adenosine monophosphate) and A.D.P be converted back into A.T.P?

A

Yes, by adding a phosphate group.

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15
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

One that releases energy.

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16
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

One that uses up energy.

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17
Q

Is hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic.

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18
Q

Is phosphorylation endergonic or exergonic?

A

Endergonic.

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19
Q

How is the energy required by mitochondria to produce A.T.P from A.M.P and A.D.P produced?

A

The mitochondria use the energy from broken glucose bonds (also lipids) to make lots of A.T.P.

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20
Q

What happens once A.T.P had been broken down into A.D.P?

A

A.D.P then returns to the mitochondria to be converted back into A.T.P and the cycle continues.

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21
Q

What is the role of A.T.P?

A

A.T.P can be used as a short term energy store in cells.

It is often called the universal energy currency as every living organism uses it and it can be used in many different reactions.

It is the only source of immediate energy within the cell.

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22
Q

What are the advantages of A.T.P?

A

Instant source of energy in the cell

Releases energy in small amounts as needed.

Small, water soluble and mobile: transports energy to where it is needed inside the cell. (Cannot pass through cell membrane).

Universal energy carrier.

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23
Q

How may a high energy bond between phosphate groups be written?

A

P~P which is equivalent to P-O-P.

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24
Q

What does the cell require to make A.T.P from A.D.P and an Pi?

A

The cell requires a source of energy to do the work.

And an enzyme to speed up the reaction.

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25
Q

Where does the energy required to make A.T.P come from?

A

From the kinetic energy of Protons.

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26
Q

What enzyme is used to make A.T.P?

A

A.T.P synthetase.

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27
Q

Describe the structure and mechanism of A.T.P synthetase.

A

A.T.P synthetase is essentially a biological motor which is powered by an electro-chemical gradient. As protons move through A.T.P synthetase it causes portions (subunits) of the protein to move allowing A.D.P molecules to enter. As these subunits return to their original position an inorganic phosphate group is added and A.T.P is produced. For every three H⁺ ions that pass through A.T.P synthetase it causes one of the subunits to move.

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28
Q

How is the electrochemical gradient obtained?

A

By concentrating protons on one side (the outer side) of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

29
Q

What happens to the energy of the protons as they move through A.T.P synthetase?

A

The potential energy of the protons is converted into kinetic energy.

30
Q

Where is A.TP synthetase found in mitochondria?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria. (The A.T.P synthetase enzymes are trans-membrane proteins but the actual site of A.T.P synthesis is suspended in the matrix.)

31
Q

Where is A.T.P synthetase found in chloroplasts?

A

In the stroma (embedded in the thylakoid membrane).

32
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

33
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

34
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

One in which molecules are broken down. They are exergonic.

35
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

One in which molecules are built up. They are exergonic.

36
Q

How is the electrochemical gradient maintained?

A

By the proton pumps of the E.T.S found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

37
Q

What are the proton pumps of the electron transport chain powered by?

A

They are powered by the energy of electrons from Hydrogen. Because it’s electrons are fast moving it is said to be “high energy H₂”

38
Q

Where is high energy hydrogen generated?

A

It is mainly generated by reactions in the matrix of the mitochondria.

39
Q

What is the series of processes that make up respiration?

A

Glycolysis → link reaction → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain (E.T.C)

40
Q

What is the first stage in the process of glycolysis?

A

An A.T.P molecule is dephosphorylated to produce A.D.P and the Pi is used to make glucose-phosphate.

41
Q

What other substances can glucose-phosphate be used to make (in other processes) ?

A

It can either be used to make pentoses and nucleotides or glycogen.

42
Q

What is the second stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose-phosphate combines with a further Pi (again from A.T.P) to produce Glucose-diphosphate and then breaks down to form two 3C molecules (phospho-glyceraldehyde).

43
Q

What is the purpose of phosphorylating glucose?

A

To prevent it from leaving the cell through the plasma membrane and to a lesser extent to make it more “unstable”for metabolic reactions.

44
Q

What is the third stage of glycolysis?

A

Each 3C molecule (phospho-glyceraldehyde) undergoes a dehydrogenation reaction and then dephosphorylisation to produce Pyruvate, 2A.T.P and Hydrogen (H₂) - so this stage produces 2 Pyruvate, 4 A.T.P and 2H₂.

45
Q

What is the Nett A.T.P output of glycolysis?

A

2 because 2 A.T.P are used up in the process.

46
Q

What is The Hydrogen used to produce?

A

Reduced NAD

48
Q

What does glycolysis produce in total?

A

2 reduced NAD
2 Pyruvate
2 Nett A.T.P

49
Q

What does the link reaction produce in total?

A

Reduced NAD
CO₂
Acetyl CoA.

50
Q

Where do the Krebs cycle and link reaction occur?

A

In the Matrix.

51
Q

What is the first stage of the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with the end product of the Krebs cycle a 4C molecule (Oxaloate) to produce A 6C molecule (citrate). In forming the citrate CoA is released again.

52
Q

What is the second stage of the Krebs cycle?

A

The Citrate then undergoes a decarboxylation and a dehydrogenation to produce a 5C molecule (⍺-Keytogluterate). Releasing CO₂ and Hydrogen. The Hydrogen is used to reduce NAD.

53
Q

What is the third stage of the Krebs cycle?

A

The 5C molecule (⍺-Keytogluterate) undergoes a further dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to produce a 4C molecule (Succinate). Once again producing Hydrogen and CO₂. The Hydrogen is used to reduce another NAD.

54
Q

What is the fourth stage in the Krebs cycle?

A

The 4C molecule (Succinate) is dehydrogenated to produce fumerate (also 4C) and the hydrogen that is released is used to reduce FAD.

55
Q

What Is the sixth stage in the Krebs cycle?

A

Malate is dehydrogenated to produce oxaloate (4C) and the Hydrogen released is used to reduce NAD.

56
Q

What is the fifth stage of the Krebs cycle?

A

Fumerate is converted to Malate releasing enough energy to produce one A.T.P through substrate level phosphorylation.

57
Q

What is produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2 CO₂
3 Reduced NAD
1 reduced FAD
1 ATP.

58
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

A cycle of decarboxylations and dehydrogenations to completely break down the remains of glucose (acetate) after glycolysis and the link reaction in order to release energy from the Carbon bonds to produce A.T.P and reduced NAD/FAD. Also to regenerate the 4C intermediate via the 6C and 5C intermediates.

59
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of metabolic reaction that results in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a phosphorylated reactive intermediate.

60
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP through A.T.P synthetase.

61
Q

What does the electron transport chain consist of?

A

Proton pumps in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

62
Q

What is the first stage of the link reaction?

A

The 3C Pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation to produce a 2C structure which reacts with a Co-Enzyme called Co-Enzyme A to create Acetyl CoA.

63
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

To maintain the electrochemical gradient and to provide energy for the oxidative phosphorylation of A.D.P to A.T.P via A.T.P synthetase.

64
Q

What are the energy sources used by the E.T.C?

A

Reduced NAD and reduced FAD.

65
Q

How do the proton pumps operate?

A

Reduced NAD and FAD are oxidised at the first proton pump and this pump is therefore reduced (As H₂ is taken from the Reduced NAD/FAD and given to the pump). The hydrogen then dissociates to form two electrons and two protons. The two electrons travel between proton pumps losing a portion of their energy at each pump to activate it.

66
Q

What is the rest of the energy released from the oxidation of reduced NAD/FAD used for?

A

It is used by ATP synthetase to convert ADP to ATP.

67
Q

How many pumps can the electrons produced by the oxidation of reduced NAD activate?

A

Three.

68
Q

How many pumps can the electrons produced by the oxidation of reduced FAD activated why?

A

Two because the electron pair produced by the oxidation of Reduced FAD are of lower energy than the electron pair produced through the oxidation of reduced NAD.

69
Q

What does the electron transport chain require?

A

A source of energy to enable the proton pumps to operate.

70
Q

Outline anaerobic respiration in plants.

A

In the absence of oxygen plant cells stop performing Krebs and instead convert Pyruvate to ethanol and then to ethanal because there is no oxygen to act as a terminal hydrogen acceptor. The reduction of ethanol to ethanal requires reduced NAD as a reducing agent and is reversible so the “final” product is ethanal.

71
Q

Outline anaerobic respiration in animals.

A

In the absence of oxygen animal cells stop performing Krebs and instead convert Pyruvate to lactate because there is no oxygen to act as a terminal hydrogen acceptor. The reduction of Pyruvate to lactate requires reduced NAD as a reducing agent and is reversible so the “final” product is Pyruvate.

Biology - BY4 (6 decks)

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