4.1 Flashcards
4.1 For world political maps A. Define the different types of political entities B. Identify a contemporary example of political entities
Nation
A group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as : Language Religion Ethnicity Heritage
State
Primary building blocks of the world political map A state has : Defined territory with borders Permanent population Government Sovereignty * card 7 Recognition from other states
Nation - State
When the borders of a nation match the borders of a state
* ideally a state with only one nation within it
Stateless Nation
Nation of people without a place to occupy
Multistate Nation
A nation of people that live in more than one state
Multinational State
A country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders
Sovereignty
The right of a government to control and defend its population and determine what happens within its borders
A states authority to control its territory and govern itself
Self - Determination
The right of all people to govern themselves
Usually a nation ethnicity or former colony wants to govern themselves and establish sovereignty over their own state
Oftentimes may result in independence movements or devolution
Territorality
The control and influence over a specific geographic space Often includes aspects such as : Historic and cultural links Governments Economics Boundaries Sovereignty Defence military Sometimes leads to conflict Similarly political power us defined as control of people land and resources
Neocolonialism
The use of
Economic
Political
Cultural
Or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries
Semi periphery and periphery countries
Former African colonies reliant on outside investments for economic security
Shatterbelt
Instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territory or political power
Choke point
A strategic straight or canal which is narrow hard to pass through and has competition for use
Could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic and strategically show political power and territorality
Essential to shipping oil food and consumer products all around the world
Antecedent Borders
Borders the are established before there has been major settlement of people in a territory
Subsequent Boundary
Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people typically due to changes that have occurred over time
Consequent Boundary
Type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely aligned with cultural boundaries
Superimposed Boundary
Borders that are drawn over existing an accepted borders by an outside force
Geometric Boundaries
Borders that are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries
Relict Boundary
Order that no longer exist but has left some imprint on the local culture or environmental geography
4 Steps To Boundary Creation
19a define
19b delimit
19c demarcation
19d administrative
19a Defined
Countries legally defined and agreed to where borders are located through an agreement or treaty
19b Delimited
Identifying the location of the defined boundaries on a map
Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation
19c Demarcation
Visible markings of the landscape with objects such as fences or signs
19d Administered
Legal management of the border through laws immigration regulation documentation and prosecution
The United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Seas
1982
UNCLOS
21 Territorial Sea
12 nautical miles from the coastline
Complete sovereignty authority over the water and air space
Permission of innocent passage by foreign ships
Exclusive Economic Zone
EEZ
200 nautical miles off coastline
Estate has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources such as fishing whaling as well as natural resources like natural gas oil and energy
Census
Done every 10 years
Mandated by Constitution
Official population plus age race sex
Determine federal and state funding for planning and providing services and building and maintaining infrastructure
Schools roads Waste Management hospitals libraries public transportation
Reappointment
Process in which US House of Representatives are reallocated to different states based off population change
Congressional districts there are for the US House of Representatives 435
Redistricting
Safe internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the US House of Representatives and the state legislator are changed to accurately reflect new census data
Voting district
A geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections drawn by state legislators
Gerrymandering
Redistricting for a political advantage over when the political party that conducts a majority of seats in the state legislator draws political district boundaries to maintain or extend their political power
Packing
Clustering like-minded voters in a single district thereby allowing the other party to when the remaining districts
Cracking
Dispersing like-minded voters among multiple districts in order to minimize their impact and prevent them from gaining a majority
Electoral College Number
Electoral college
Electoral College
Electors in electoral college 538
Congressional districts 435
Oregon Districts
7 votes
5 congressional districts
2 state senators
Data for Electoral College
State gets votes districts it has +7 senators
Presidency one with 270 votes
Unitary Government
A style of government in which the power is located centralized and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy
Regional and local political units exist but often do not act independently to make laws or policy
Extension of central government
Federal Government
A style of government in which power is shared between central regional and local governments Regional and local governments have autonomy and authority to administrate there are spaces in order to account for needs of diverse groups
Devolution
Due to centrifugal forces
Power is shifted from the central government or administration to regional authorities usually reflective of nations to avoid conflict
States must concede some power to autonomous regions or sub-national political units
Physical Geography
Regions that are separated from the Central State due to physical features such as mountain ranges deserts or bodies of water
Fragmented states
Ethnic Separatism
People of a particular ethnicity in a multinational State identify more strongly with their ethnic group than citizens of the state
Result of mistreatment or disparity between dominant and minority ethnic groups within a state
Ethnic Cleansing
State governments attack and ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them through expulsion imprisonment mass murder
Similar to genocide
Terrorism
Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets intended to create fear in order to accomplish political aims
Usually used by non-government organizations to achieve power
Irredentism
A majority ethnic group wants to claim territory from a neighboring state due to shared culture with the people residing across the border
Reunification of Multistate Nation
Supranational Organizations
An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals
Economic social cultural political military environmental
Typically regional
European Union
EU
NATO
NATO
Compact States
Efficient Theoretically round Capital in center Shortest possible boundaries to Defend improved communication
Prorupted States
Large projecting extension
Sometimes natural
Could be to gain a resource or advantage
Elongated States
States that are long and narrow
Poor communication
Isolated capital
Fragmented States
Several discontinuous pieces of territory separated by land or water
Perforated States
A country that completely surrounds another state
Exclave the surrounding territory
Enclave Exclave
Enclave surrounded territory
Exclave surrounding territory
Microstate
A sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area
Landlocked States
States without access to water
Centripetal Forces
Characteristics that unifier country and provide stability Common Language Ethnicity Religion
Centrifugal forces
Characteristics that divide a country and create instability conflict and violence
Multiple competing ethnicities languages religions
