404 Exam 1 Flashcards
Gamete
a reproductive (sex) cell (sperm and eggs)
Fertilization
the process of sexual reproduction in which a male gamete and female gamete fuse to make a new cell
Zygote
cell resulting from fertilization
Diploid (2n)
cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid (n)
cell that contains only a single set of genes
apoptosis
the process of programmed cell death
differentiation
process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
anterior pituitary releases which hormones?
FSH and LH
phases of ovarian cycle
- follicular (before day 14; FSH and estrogen release)
2. Luteal (after day 14; LH and progesterone)
phases of uterine cycle
- menstrual (before day 14)
- proliferative (before day 14)
- secretory (after day 14)
- ischemic (after day 14)
modifiable risk factors prior to pregnancy
obesity, alcohol, smoking, drugs, activity, stress, abusive relationships
physical assessment prior to conceiving
breast, pelvic (pap, cervix, uterus)
taking 400 mcg folic acid prevents:
neural tube defects (i.e. spina bifida (most common), anencephaly)
reproductive cycle with hormones:
hypothalamus - GnRH - anterior pituitary - FSH & LH - ovary - estrogen & progesterone - uterus
zygotic stage
the zygote is formed when the male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) fuse
blastocyst stage
the single-celled zygote begins to divide into a solid ball of cells. then it becomes a hollow ball of cells (the blastocyst) attaching to the lining of the mother’s uterus
embryonic stage
the major internal organs and external features begin to emerge, forming an embryo. in this stage the heart, brain, and spinal cord become visible. arms and legs start to develop
fetal stage
once the formed features of the embryo begin to grow and develop, the organism is considered a fetus. differentiation and specialization of structures happens during this time.
pre-embryonic phase timing
fertilization - day 14 (implantation is around day 7)
embryonic phase timing
day 15 - 8th week
fetal phase timing
end of 8th week - birth
fertilization occurs at the
ampulla
fetal development
zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus
baby is vulnerable to teratogens during which phase
embryonic
teratogen definition
agent or factor (chemical, infection, etc) that causes malformation of an embryo
three germ layers that form during embryonic development
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
embryonic membranes
chorion and amnion
shiny schultz placenta side
amnion, fetal side
role of the placenta
metabolic and nutrient exchange between the embryonic and maternal circulations
placenta location
develops at the site where the embryo attaches to uterine wall
when does the placenta develop?
3rd week of embryonic development; becomes discreet organ at 14 weeks and continues to grow until week 20
permeability of placenta
minimal permeability during first 3-5 months, then increases until last month
metabolic activities of placenta
hormone production, stores glycogen and iron
transport function of placenta
simple diffusion, facilitated and active transport
endocrine function of placenta
produces hCG, hPL, estrogen and progesterone (all of which are vital to survival of fetus)
immunologic properties of placenta
exempt from reaction from the host
fetal respiration function of placenta
the fetus does not breathe in utero, placenta provides gas exchange
nutrition function of placenta
provides nutrients from mother to embryo/fetus
excretion function of placenta
removes waste from fetus
functions of amniotic fluid
cushion to protect baby, controls temperature of baby, permits symmetrical growth of the baby, prevents adherence of amnion to embryo/fetus, allows for fetal movement, acts as an extension of fetal extracellular space, acts as wedge during labor, provides fluid for analysis to determine fetal health and maturity
umbilical cord is formed from the
amnion
most common insertion into placenta
central
name of mucoid connective tissue surrounding blood vessels in umbilical cord
Wharton’s jelly
definition of nuchal cord
cord encircles the fetal neck
vessels in umbilical cord
1 vein, 2 arteries (AVA)
The umbilical cord is formed from
the amnion
length of pregnancy
10 lunar months (40 weeks); post conception is 38 weeks
gestation
length of pregnancy from LMP
stillbirth
20+ weeks
late preterm
34+0 - 36+6
early term
37+0 - 38+6
full term
39+0 - 40+6
late term
41+0 - 41+6
preterm labor
after 20 weeks, through 36 weeks
antepartum
prenatal/pregnancy
intrapartum
labor - birth
postpartum
delivery of placenta to 6 weeks after birth
gravida
number of pregnancies
para
any births after 20 weeks
nulligravida
never been pregnant
primigravida
first pregnancy
multigravida
second+ pregnancies
nullipara
woman with no births > 20 weeks
primipara
had 1 birth at >20 weeks
multipara
had 2+ births at >20 weeks
grandmultigravida
3+ pregnancies
grandmultipara
3+ births >20 weeks
when the heart beat begins
4 weeks
when all body organs are formed
8 weeks
quickening defined (at 20 weeks)
fetal movement
what does brown fat do (at 20 weeks)
energy conservation, temperature stability, protection
purpose of lanugo (at 20 weeks)
prevents damage from amniotic fluid and toxins
when does the fetus reach viability
24 weeks
when does surfactant form
28 weeks (for good lung development)
considered term at:
38 weeks
