40 Terms for Final Exam

Question 1

Sovereignty

Answer 1

1) The Ultimate Authority
o Legitimacy of King or Queen (during that time) was derived by God
 Created a direct link between Kings & God, divine right of kings
• Placed on Earth to rule by God
i. Ex: If you were against the King, you were against God
o Authority invested in the government of the state
 Ex. The sovereign in Canada is the Queen (Nominally)
o The sovereign can also be seen as the parliament
 Hands of the Prime Minister has political authority derived by parliament
o When legitimacy collapses it can cause rebellion & civil war

2) Linked to territory & ability to control one’s territory
- Rules set in the United Nations – Law of the Sea Convention
o Established freedom-of-navigation rights
o Set territorial sea boundaries 12 miles offshore
o Set exclusive economic zones (EEZ) up to 200 miles offshore
 Mutual agreement to extend water states, has rights to the economic sources of that zone
o Set rules for extending continental shelf rights up to 350 miles offshore
o Created the International Seabed Authority
o Created other conflict-resolution mechanisms (e.g., the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf)
3) Recognition
- Must be recognised as a sovereign state used to be by peace treaties or Pope
- Today recognition by ambassadors who represent the state
- Vienna convention how you treat each ambassador or representative
- Today membership in the United Nations
o Need full voting rights to be recognized as sovereign state, all states are equally sovereign but not equal in power
What are the different forms of sovereignty?
1) De Facto Sovereignty (In Fact Sovereignty) – About Control
2) De Jure Sovereignty (In Law Sovereignty) – About Recognition
- Some argue that there are no grey areas to sovereignty
- Others says sovereignty comes in degrees which can be undermined
Examples of Sovereignty issues over the years
- Palestinians are an example of a non-sovereign state
- Something about China, Hong Kong Taiwan Sovereignty
- 1958, North American Aerospace Agreement during the Cold War
o Coordination between Canada & the United States
- Seen as Canada has given up control of their sovereignty to the United States
- Today sovereignty is being undermined by Globalization

Question 2

1555

Answer 2

The Peace of Augsburg
- Treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor & Schmalkaldic League
- Ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Roman empire
- Key was very straightforward
o The prince decides the religion of the territory
o By the end of the 15th century, the big states/kingdoms began to emerge
 France, Spain, Austrian Empire
• They are all important to the transition of the renaissance era
• Set out the emergence of the Kings
• Coincides with the 100 years war
 England has possession over France
• Led to the 100 years war
• France won and became a united political unit under the King, giving France the power to invade

Question 3

Levels of Analysis

Answer 3

Levels of Analysis - Need to look at the Man & the State
1) Individual
- Consequence of the Nature & Behaviour of man
2) The State
- Outcome of the international organization of states
3) System
- The product of international anarchy
Each of these levels of analysis all potentially have the role of explaining phenomenon of why states do what they do.
Ex. Are democratic states more prone to go to war than non-democratic states

Question 4

14 Points

Answer 4

o Woodrow Wilson and his famous 14pts
 Perpetual peace from the American perspective
 An explanation for the causes of war
• Secret Treaties – open covenants, signed openly
• Autocratic States – democracy and democratic peace theory, democracies do not fight democracies
o Conflict Resolution
• Nationalism
o Principle of the solution – national self determination

Question 5

Preponderance of Power

Answer 5

• Preponderance of Power
  o The opposite of the balance of power
  o Inequality guarantees the peace, a single dominant power does not fear those around the power because they know that they cannot go against this power as this will be costly to them
  o Makes no sense to challenge that power
  o Generates uncertainty and it is this uncertainty that can drive to systemic wars
   Ex. Post Cold War
   Soviet Union collapses, leaving the United States as the Great Power
   Other world countries such as China did not have the capacity to challenge the Americans
   Who was going to challenge the Americans?
   Historically when those who tried to challenge the Americans and it does not turn well for those going against the Americans
   The Libyan operation
  • United states influence was able to get the allies to go fight in the war for them

Question 6

Munich Syndrome

Answer 6

 Munich Syndrome
• Relates to the conference but to the entire path of German expansion
• You cannot appease dictators, all appeasement only feeds their appetite, generates a sign of weakness which dictators will exploit
• Failure of Western Intervention
• Informed the Cold War
o Soviet Union was a dictatorship, of the communist party
o Was not democratic although had democratic elections
 If you give in will be back at 1939
 Have to confront them
• 1956, similar happened with Nasser
• North Korea another example
o Sanctions, which have been fairly successful

Question 7

Peace Support Ops

Answer 7

Peace Support Operations
- Emerged in the 1990’s with the end of the Cold War
- UN protection force UNPROFOR for the former Yugoslavia
- What they found out is that there is no peace to keep
- Now you had UN forces caught in the middle of a war
- Contains a variety of components
o Preventive Diplomacy
 Early warning signals, prior to the outbreak, there are warning signals that you can pick up
o Traditional Peace Keeping
o Peace Making
o Peace Enforcement
 Code for military intervention at war
o Peace Building
 This is after the violence has come to the end

Question 8

Nuclear Deterrence

Answer 8

o Nuclear Weapons
 The Nuclear Revolution, would breed a dominant theory of Nuclear Deterrence
 Today the use of armed forced is only to prevent war, has no other function
 Deterrence – a threat to suede your advisory from doing something they want to do
• Still remains a dominant concept today

Question 9

1648

Answer 9

1648 – The Peace of Westphalia
- Series of peace treaties signed between May & October 1648
- Largely ending the European Wars of Religion including the Thirty Years War
o Recognized three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire
 Catholicism
 Lutheranism
 Calvinism
- 3 Treaties Signed
o Munster & Osnabrück
o Principles of Augsburg were reiterated & re-emphasized
 These all set out important dates that establish the Modern World State System

Question 10

International Society

Answer 10

• English School – School of thought that emerged in the 50’s
  o Key members are Martin Wight, Hedly Bull
  o Argued its not just an international system, it is an international society
   Sets certain beliefs, norms, and principles which helps determine how these states will behave and govern
   At the international level is there is a similar set however an international society is not the same as a domestic society
  • International, war is considered a norm (legitimate activity)
  o Article 51 of the UN Charter
   All states members of the UN have the right to self defence and the right of collective self defence, legitimate to go to war if it is done for specific reason
  • States like to think about the domestic society that they live in and thinks about how well things have worked domestically and many believe this should also be reflected at the international level, but the international level is completely different
  o An anarchic world of states
  o Only the states have power internationally
   The Great Powers have even more power at this level
   The security council of the permanent five, also have powers that no one else has at the international level

Question 11

Great Powers

Answer 11

The Great Powers (Super Powers)

• The dominant political units and states in the international system
• Great powers by their nature pose a threat not only to their neighbours but to everyone else whether great or weak
• The power to create a world Empire (anarchic to hierarchic)
• Regional powers – Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iran
• Everyone pays attention to them

Question 12

Functionalism

Answer 12

o Globalization, on a global basis we are all intertwined with one another
o Net result, as this trend grew, the effects of economic downturns would spill over on a global basis
 Ex. 2008, Economic Recession
- Despite what the GDP claims, it does not tell you the central importance of the American economy on the global economy
o The recognition of the importance of international organizations that one needed not only for the good of themselves, but for the good of everyone, to develop a set of rules and norms for global economic order, states needed to cooperate
 Everyone had a functional interest in the industrialized world, required a means to manage it
• Heart of functionalism
- Key problem that emerged, how do we manage this now
o Ex. Following the WWI, the development of the airplane
 No single state can rule or determine the international rules alone
 Need an international organization that could develop and agree rules on how you fly, where you fly, and the language of flying

Question 13

Peacekeeping

Answer 13

• Based upon a certain set of assumptions and conditions
• The interposition of lightly armed military forces between two warring factions, groups or states, following a ceasefire
• To not pose threat to either the two sides
• Wear blue helmet
• Monitor by marching up and down, to avoid the potential that the two sides might start for whatever reason to fire possibly causing war
• To create the conditions for a formal peace treaty
• The peacekeepers have to be neutrals, cannot take the sides of either warring party
• No Great Powers
  o Should never be represented of the Great Powers, because they have political interests – some where pro-American while the other side was not if the Americans got involved it would not be peacekeeping
• No local or regional states/forces

Question 14

Preventive Diplomacy

Answer 14

 Early warning signals, prior to the outbreak, there are warning signals that you can pick up

Question 15

One Belt, One Road

Answer 15

o China has grown tremendously in terms of economic growth
o All designed to promote economic develop to the eastern part of the world to tie it back to the Chinese economy
- China’s Pacific Strategic Posture
- China-Japan Senkaku Dispute
- Chines SCS Bases

Question 16

Bretton Woods

Answer 16

 Established in 1944 – Bretton-Woods, 1945(6)- 1971 R
• Meeting of the major allied powers and the Soviet Union
• The US developed three key components
o Stabilize exchange rates
 Establishment of the US dollar as the international currency of account
 Fixing the US dollar to gold
o All currencies would be valued against the US dollar
 Made by setting a set of parameters
 Established what became known as the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The lender of last resort
o General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
 The issue of promoting the relative free movement of goods and services across borders
 Most Favoured Nation Status (MFN)
o The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
 Reconstruct into the World Bank
 To provide loans of last resort to economies

Question 17

French Revolution

Answer 17

• The rise of nationalism
• Prior to the revolution, there was no sense of national identity
• Overturned “l’états c’est moi” – the state is the individual
• Determined that power and authority should rest with the citizens
  o Different states have different ideas about citizenship
  o Citizens now require certain responsibilities and rights
• What occurred after the execution of the king?
  o What lead to the event was a major crisis, the public issued the levee en masse
  o First example of what became known as modern conscription, entailed your role to defend the new republic
  o Mobilizing all members of French society
  o War was to destroy the republic in France
• The major powers of Europe had a major issue
  o Viewed revolutions and republics as a threat to legitimacy
   Led to the question of how the maps would been re-drawn
  • Had to reconstruct the political map of Europe

1789 until the defeat of Napolean 1815

Question 18

Balance of Power

Answer 18

• There is no overarching agreement on what is meant by the concept of Balance of Power (Identified 13 different ways in pieces of literature)
• It is arguably the oldest theory of International Relations
  o Generally traced back to Thucydides (Greek)
   Ex. History of the Peloponnesian Wars (400 BCE)
  Wars between Sparta and Athens
  • The growth of Athenian wealth made war for Sparta inevitable
  • Became the first reference to the theory of Balance of Power

Question 19

ICAO

Answer 19

o Organization where its purpose is to develop common rules for the advancement of technology
 Ex. As plans get faster
 Determined that all air traffic controllers and pilots have to speak English
 Politics could not work here; politicians did not have the answers because they had no knowledge on planes
 Had to be done by apolitical individuals who are knowledgeable about planes for example, engineers
- What is the current issue that looks like this? – Climate Change
o No single state can resolve it
o The issues of how we deal with Climate Change, the political world does not know anything about it
o How to solve the problem is up to the scientific community and is a technical problem

Question 20

De-Colonization

Answer 20

• Empires were legit phenomenon
• No one was troubled or questioned Indigenous people who were on the land
  o Thought these people were not colonized and that was their goal
• National societies in Europe, had started that colonies were unacceptable
• Europe societies and states became divided over the legitimacy of colonies or empires
  o Part of democratization
  o The rise of alternative ideologies, particularly left-wing which talked about liberation ideas, working to liberate the working class, those economic agents who are oppressing the working class in their own societies, were also suppressing workers in their colonies
  o Second was the function of the Empires
   When the empires were all divided, the colonialists, Wealthy elites of indigenous societies
   Needed local elites to be key players
  • Became the wealthy class, sought to have their children educated in the west
  • Went to oxford to be educated, were exposed to the socialist Marxists ideas, would transport them back when they returned home
  • The foundation of liberation movements
  • Empires set the stage for their own ruination
  • The process of education has not changed, to this day
  • Import the western university model into their own countries
• After WWI, British are talking about the commonwealth rather than the British Empire
  o Exists today but does not do much
  o Queen is the head of the Commonwealth
  o Most of all the former colonies of the Empire
  o From dependence to independence but will remain bided to
  o Transition from the Elites under British colonial rule to becoming independent
• On one hand you see the US (an anti-colonial power) became a driver for decolonization, so was the Soviet Union
  o See a very wealthy industrial society in the North
  o Looked to the west to emulate
• The Soviet Union becomes an attractive
  o Lagged far behind industrialization
  o Was an autocratic society under the tsar
  o The Soviet Union, one of the big winners of the world
  o Is an industrialized state
  o In 20 years went from agrarian to fully industrialized
  o The soviets sit there as a model which is attractive, an ability to tell the world, do what we do and you will be successful like us
• 1964 – the detonation of a nuclear weapon
• Negative sovereignty
  o Point was that if you look at the development of national -identity, the concept of nation states in the North, these were acquired in a positive way, people ceased it controlled it and forced everyone to recognize them
  o The problem was in the process of de-colonization, states were just given their sovereignty
  o What you need down here is a series of wars, which will figure out this process
  o Can help explain the emergence of authoritarian states in the developing world
   Needed to keep a lid and stability and a process of nation building identity process
  o The mandate idea
   These new countries were not developed enough to take care of their independence
   Would teach them what they need to be taught

Question 21

Peace Enforcement

Answer 21

Code for military intervention at war

Question 22

Nation Building

Answer 22

• Negative sovereignty
  o Point was that if you look at the development of national -identity, the concept of nation states in the North, these were acquired in a positive way, people ceased it controlled it and forced everyone to recognize them
  o The problem was in the process of de-colonization, states were just given their sovereignty
  o What you need down here is a series of wars, which will figure out this process
  o Can help explain the emergence of authoritarian states in the developing world
   Needed to keep a lid and stability and a process of nation building identity process

Question 23

Democratic Peace

Answer 23

• Democracies are reluctant to go to war
• Most likely to go to war in the United States
• In earlier times, states declare war on one another by ambassadors,
  o States no longer declare war since Pearl Harbour
  o For most of the life of the Modern State System, war has been very common & peace is very rare
• States today have the right to use force
  o Article 51 of the UN Charter states have the right to self defence & collective self defence, aggression is not allowed, using force offensively