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Pharmacology > 4 year 2 Chemo > Flashcards

4 year 2 Chemo Flashcards

1
Q

How is cell growth normally regulated?

A

Growth factors, cell cycle transducers, apoptotic genes, telomeres.

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2
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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3
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

Stimulates growth of new blood vessels

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4
Q

How many proto-oncogenes known?

A

40

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5
Q

How many proto-oncogenes have high chance of causing cancer?

A

14

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6
Q

Define chromosome translocation?

A

proto-oncogene moved to new site where protein expression more likely

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7
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

Growth of new blood vessels which requires GFs

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8
Q

In tumours daughter cells

A

Revert back to earlier development stage and are less spcialised

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9
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood

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10
Q

Toxic effects of chemo example

A

Bone marrow suppression (myelotoxicity)

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11
Q

Define myelotoxicity?

A

Myelosuppression, bone marrow suppression. Decrease in cell production. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes.

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12
Q

What are the 4 classes of anticancer drugs?

A

Cytotoxic, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, protein kinase inhibits.

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13
Q

Name the 4 cytotoxic classes?

A

Alkylating, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant derivatives.

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14
Q

How do cytotoxic drugs work?

A

Block DNA synthesis/prevent cell devision

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15
Q

How do hormone anticancer drugs work?

A

Suppress opposing hormone secretion or inhibit their actions

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16
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

Target specific cancer cells

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17
Q

How do protein kinase inhibitors work?

A

Block cell signalling pathways in rapidly dividing cells.

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18
Q

Name the four alkylating classes

A

Nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, platinum compounds, other.

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19
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A

Target cells in S phase. Covalent bonds, X uncoiling&replication

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20
Q

SEs of alkylating agents?

A

Sterility esp in men, ^risk of non-lymphocytic leukaemia

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21
Q

How do nitrosoureas work?

A

highly lipophilic. Cross bbb. CNS tumours.

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22
Q

Platinum compounds end in?

A

Platin

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23
Q

Name the three antimetaboliite classes

A

Folate antagonists, pyrimidine analogues, purine analogues.`

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24
Q

How do folate antagonists work?

A

Folate is essential for DNA synthesis

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25
Q

How do pyrimidine analogues work?

A

Compete with C&T bases X DNA synthesis

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26
Q

How do purine analogues work?

A

Compete with A&G, inhibit purine metabolism

27
Q

What do pyrimidine analogues end in? Exception?

A

abine (except Fluororacil)

28
Q

What do antibiotics end in? Exception?

A

omycin (except doxorubicin)

29
Q

Name the three plant derivative classes?

A

Vinca alkaloids, taxanes, others.

30
Q

How do vinca alkaloids work?

A

madagascar periwinkle, prevents polymerisation of tubulin -> microbules-> Xspindles during mitosis.

31
Q

What do vinca alkaloids end in?

A

JOKE. They start in Vin

32
Q

Taxanes notes?

A

Bark of yew tree. Similar to vinca alkaloids. Advanced breast cancer.

33
Q

What do taxanes end in?

A

axel

34
Q

What drug is in the “other” plant derivative class?

A

Etoposide.

35
Q

Which class rarely cures but just reduces symptoms?

A

Hormones

36
Q

Notes on oestrogens

A

Androgen-dependent prostate cancer antagonists. Stimulates resting mammary cancer cells to divide to be killed.

37
Q

What treats endometrial cancer?

A

Progestogens

38
Q

How do GnRH work?

A

XGNRH rel -> ↓LH/FSH -> ↓testosterone.

39
Q

What are GnRH used for?

A

Prostate cancer and advanced breast cancer.

40
Q

What do GnRH end in?

A

relin

41
Q

How do somatostatin analogues work?

A

X cell proliferation/hormone CCK/gastrin secretion. GI tract hormone tumours.

42
Q

What do somatostatin analogues end in?

A

reotide

43
Q

What are the four classes of hormones?

A

Oestrogens, prostogens, GnRH analogues. Somatostatin analogues.

44
Q

What do Oestrogens treat?

A

Androgen-dependent prostate cancer.

45
Q

Side effects of Oestrogens?

A

Nausea, fluid retention, thrombosis, impotence . gynacomastia in men

46
Q

What do Prostogens treat?

A

Endometrial cancer

47
Q

What do GnRH analogues end in?

A

relin

48
Q

How do GnRH analogues work?

A

XGnRH release -> ↓LH/FSH -> ↓testosterone.

49
Q

What do GnRH treat?

A

Prostate cancer and advanced breast cancer

50
Q

What do somatostatin analogues treat?

A

GI tract tumours

51
Q

What do somatostatin analogues end in?

A

otide

52
Q

How do somatostatin drugs work?

A

Xcell proliferation/ hormone CCK/Gastrin secretion.

53
Q

How do glucocorticoids work?

A

X lymphocyte proliferation -> treats lymphomas/ leukaemia

54
Q

Notes on monoclonal antibodies?

A

Made by cultured hybridoma cells. React with specific target proteins on cancer cells-> activates immune system->lysis of cancer cells.

55
Q

Advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Specific so less SEs

56
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies end in?

A

Mab

57
Q

What do protein kinase inhibitors end in?

A

tinib

58
Q

Why are cytotoxic drugs given in combination?

A

^ cytotoxicity without ^ in general toxicity. ↓ chance of resistance.

59
Q

Why cytotoxic drugs given every 2-3 weeks?

A

Allows bone marrow to regenerate. ↓ chance of resistance. ^ effective

60
Q

What drugs are effective for cytotoxic drug induced vomiting?

A

Granisetron/ Ondansetron

61
Q

What is a dopamine (D2R) antagonist?

A

Metoclopramide

62
Q

What anti-anxiety drug is used for chemo?

A

Lorazepam

63
Q

Define autologous

A

Stem cells harvested from patient and infused back post chemo

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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