4. Trial Procedures in Magistrates' and Crown Courts

Question 1

If the defendant opts to give evidence, when will they give it?

Answer 1

Before any other defence witness

Question 2

What does the competence of a witness go to?

Answer 2

Whether they are allowed to give evidence

Question 3

What does the compellability of a witness go to?

Answer 3

Whether they can be forced to give evidence

Question 4

A witness will be deemed to not be competent if they are not able to do what two things?

Answer 4

Unable to:

1. Understand questions put to them as a witness
2. Gives answers which can be understood

Question 5

What is true of all competent witnesses, other than the defendant, the defendant’s spouse/civil partner, and co-defendants?

Answer 5

They are compellable

Question 6

With regard to the defendant’s competence and compellability, what is the situation for the prosecution and defence?

Answer 6

Prosecution:
D is neither competent nor compellable

Defence:
D is competent but not compellable

Question 7

Again however, even though the defendant is not compellable, what can the jury do if they fail to give evidence?

Answer 7

Draw an adverse inference

Question 8

What must generally be true before the jury will hold the failure to give evidence against the defendant?

Answer 8

The jury must think the only sensible explanation for the decision not to give evidence is that the defendant has no answer to the case against them, or no answer that would have stood up to cross examination

Question 9

With regard to the competence and compellability of the defendant’s spouse or civil partner, what is the situation for the prosecution and defence?

Answer 9

Prosecution:
Spouse is competent but not compellable (unless exception applies)

Defence:
Spouse is competent and compellable, unless jointly charged

Question 10

What must the offence for which defendant is being prosecuted involve before the spouse or civil partner of the defendant can be compelled by the prosecution?

Answer 10

Offence involves:

1. Assault, injury, or threat of injury to the spouse or a child under 16
2. Sexual offence on a child under 16
3. Attempting, conspiring to commit, aiding, or abetting either 1 or 2

Question 11

What is the situation if the married couple are no longer together?

Answer 11

It is as if they were never married, and the spouse is treated as a normal witness

Question 12

Can an adverse inference be drawn from the spouse’s failure to give evidence?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

With regard to the competence and compellability of co-defendants, what is the situation for the prosecution and defence?

Answer 13

Prosecution:
Co-D is neither competent nor compellable

Defence:
Co-D is competent but not compellable

Question 14

What happens where a co-defendant pleads guilty or the charges against them are dropped?

Answer 14

They become an ordinary witness

Question 15

What is a submission of no case to answer and when is it made?

Answer 15

At the end of the prosecution case, the defence may argue that they prosecution has not presented enough evidence to amount to a prima facie case, either:

1. By failing to adduce (provide) evidence of one or more of the elements or the offence, or
2. If the evidence is so unreliable that no reasonable bench, judge, or jury could convict

Question 16

What are the modes of address in criminal court?

Answer 16

Individual magistrates: Sir or madam

Bench collectively: Your worships

District Court judge: Sir or madam

** Circuit Judge** His/Her Honour

Crown Court judge: Your Honour, or His/Her Honour Judge X

Question 17

Where the defendant admits that he did it to the solicitor, but wishes to plead not guilty, what is the solicitor limited to doing?

Answer 17

Testing the strength of the prosecution case only, and must not put forward a positive defence or any suggestion that the defendant did not do it

Question 18

Where the defendant admits that he did not do it to the solicitor, but wishes to plead guilty, what is the solicitor not able to do and why?

Answer 18

They will not be able to put forward anything in mitigation which suggests the defendant did not commit the offence.

Because they must not mislead the court, and when a defendant pleads guilty, they are accepting guilt.

Question 19

What does a solicitor have a duty to assist the court on and what do they not have a duty to assist the court on?

Answer 19

Duty to assist: Points of law
No duty to assist: Missing or misinterpreted facts, as long as they themselves do not mislead the court

Question 20

What must a solicitor do if they are representing two defendants and a conflict arises?

Answer 20

Cease to act for one defendant, and they can only continue to represent one if the duty of confidentiality to the other one would not be compromised

Question 21

What are the two possible professional conduct issues which could arise when representing a defendant?

Answer 21

1. D tells solicitor they did it, but wants to plead not guilty
2. D tells solicitor they didn’t do it, but wants to plead guilty

Question 22

What is a leading question?

Answer 22

‘You did this, didn’t you?’

Question 23

When are leading questions not allowed?

Answer 23

Not allowed during examination in chief, unless they relate to issues which are not disputed

Question 24

When are leading questions allowed?

Answer 24

During cross examination (examination of witness by other party)

Question 25

In what order do witnesses give evidence?

Answer 25

Prosecution, defendant, defence witnesses

Question 26

When are leading questions allowed during examination in chief?

Answer 26

When they relate to background (like def’s address)/ agreed matters

Question 27

On what basis is it possible to appeal a guilty verdict after a jury trial?

Answer 27

**Against conviction:
**Wrongful admission, Wrongful rejection of a submission of no case to answer, wrongful withdrawal of issues, misdirection of law/facts, conduct of judge, inconsistent jury verdicts, fresh evidence, defects in the indictment, conduct of lawyers

**Against sentence:
**Wrong in law, wrong in principle, manifestly excessive, legitimate expectation, judge fails to take account of relevant matters, judge takes account of improper considerations, unjustified disparity between co-defendants or a failure to distinguish between offenders

Question 28

Which court will hear an appeal from a jury trial and what powers does it have?

Answer 28

the court of appeal

Question 29

What is the procedure for issuing an appeal?

Question 30

Are there any risks to an individual who pursues an appeal?