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AP Biology > 4. Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

4. Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Basic features shared by all cells:

A

bounded by selective barrier (plasma membrane), cytosol (semi-fluid substance) inside, contain chromosomes (carrying genes in the form of DNA), contain ribosomes

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2
Q

cytosol

A

semi-fluid portion of cytoplasm

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

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4
Q

chromosome

A

a cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

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5
Q

ribosome

A

a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, consisting of a large and small subunit

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6
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

type of cell with membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; 10-100 µm in diameter

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7
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

type of cell lacking membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; 1-5 µm in diameter

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8
Q

nucleoid

A

a non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

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9
Q

nucleus

A

organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, portion exclusive of the nucleus

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11
Q

Structures in animal cells, but not plant:

A

lysosomes, centrosomes with centrioles, flagella (only present in some plant sperm)

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12
Q

Structures present in plant cells, but not animal:

A

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

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13
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, perforated with nuclear pores; outer membrane continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope, helping to maintain the shape of the nucleus

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15
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; when cell is not dividing, it exists in dispersed form, invisible to a light microscope

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16
Q

Typical # of chromosomes in human cells:

A

46, 23 in sex cells

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17
Q

nucleolus

A

specialized structure in nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

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18
Q

ribosomal DNA (rRNA)

A

most abundant type of RNA; molecules that together with proteins make up ribosomes

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19
Q

motor protein

A

protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

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20
Q

microtubule

A

hollow rod composed of tublin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and found in cilia and flagella

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21
Q

microfilament

A

a cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament

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22
Q

intermediate filament

A

a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

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23
Q

centrosome

A

a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important in cell division; possesses two centrioles

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24
Q

centriole

A

a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern

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25
flagellum
a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion; like motile cilia, has a core with nine outer doublet microtubules in the 9 + 2 arrangement ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane (prokaryotic flagella have different structure)
26
cilium
a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells
27
motile cilium
cilium specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (9 + 2 arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane
28
primary cilium
usually nonmotile, plays a sensory and signaling role; 9 + 0 arrangement (lacks 2 inner microtubules)
29
endosymbiont theory
Theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells, then evolved into a single organism.
30
crista
an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of ATP synthase (enzyme catalyzing synthesis of ATP)
31
cytoskeleton
a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions
32
granum
a stack of membrane-bounded thykaloids in the chloroplast; function in the light reactions of photosynthesis
33
mitochondrial matrix
the compartment of a mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA
34
peroxisome
an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide
35
plastid
one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts; found in the cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes
36
stroma
the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
37
thylakoid
a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast; membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy; often exist in interconnected grana
38
central vacuole
a large, membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances in mature plant cells
39
chloroplast
organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
40
contractile vacuole
a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists
41
food vacuole
a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell
42
lysosome
a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists
43
mitochondrion
organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
44
phagocytosis
type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell; carried out by some protists and by certain mammalian immune cells (mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells)
45
vacuole
a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different types of cells
46
endomembrane system
the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
47
The endomembrane system includes...
plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles.
48
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and free (smooth) regions
49
Golgi apparatus
organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat, membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products (notably noncellulose carbohydrates)
50
glycoprotein
protein with one or more covalently-attached carbohydrates
51
transport vesicle
small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
52
actin
a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other cells
53
basal body
a eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and structurally very similar to a centriole
54
cell wall
a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
55
Important structural components of cell walls:
polysaccharides such as cellulose (plants/some protists), chitin (fungi), and peptidoglycan (bacteria).
56
dynein
a large motor protein in cilia and flagella that extends from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet; ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to the bending of cilia/flagella
57
middle lamella
in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells
58
myosin
a type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments, causing cell contraction
59
primary cell wall
in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell
60
secondary cell wall
in plants, a strong a durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and that provides protection and support
61
collagen
a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom
62
desmosome
a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening animal cells together
63
extracellular matrix (ECM)
the meshwork surrounding animal cells consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells
64
fibronectin
extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix
65
gap junction
type of intercellular junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells
66
integrin
in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
67
plasmodesma
an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between them
68
proteoglycan
a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells; may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate
69
tight junctions
type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells
70
cisternae
network of membranous tubules and sacs making up the ER
71
cisternal maturation model
cisternae of the Golgi apparatus progress forward from the cis to the trans face, carrying and modifying their cargo
72
autophagy
recycling of a cell's own organic material by lysosomes
73
cell sap
solution inside central vacuole; plant cell's main repository of inorganic ions, including potassium and chloride
74
dimer
molecule made up of two subunits
75
cytoplasmic streaming
in plant cells, the circular flow of the cytoplasm caused in part by actin-myosin interaction

AP Biology (8 decks)

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