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Bio 166 > 4 Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

4 Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using

A

a transmission electronic microscope.

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2
Q

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

A

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.

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3
Q

What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?

A

Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.

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4
Q

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except

A

an endoplasmic reticulum.

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5
Q

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

A

plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

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6
Q

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

A

the need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell’s metabolic needs

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7
Q

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

A

endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.

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8
Q

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
A) Bacteria and Eukarya

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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9
Q

Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?

A

centrosomes

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10
Q

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

A

proteins

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11
Q

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

A

rough ER

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13
Q

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

A

A)Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.
B) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
C) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
D) Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
E) All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

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14
Q

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by

A

the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components

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15
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?

A

lysosome

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16
Q

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

A

smooth ER

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17
Q

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?

A

lysosome

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18
Q

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A

mitochondrion

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19
Q

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

A

mitochondrion

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20
Q

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

A

vacuole

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21
Q

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

A

peroxisome

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22
Q

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in

A

chloroplasts.

23
Q

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

A

in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

24
Q

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and

A

transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.

25
Q

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

A

cytoskeletal structures

26
Q

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

A

microtubules and motor proteins

27
Q

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?

A

both flagella and motile cilia

28
Q

Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to

A

separate chromosomes during cell division.

29
Q

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities?

A

Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles

30
Q

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes

Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.

31
Q

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

A

central vacuole … storage
But remember, plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have several smaller vacuoles located throughout the cytoplasm.

32
Q

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.

A

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA

33
Q

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

A

lysosome

34
Q

Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct?

A

Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system.

35
Q

Mitochondria are found in _____.

A

plant and animal cells

All eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells, contain mitochondria.

36
Q

Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

Both have their own DNA.

37
Q

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

A

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules.

38
Q

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

A

Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein.

39
Q

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

In addition to storing calcium, the smooth ER also plays a role in detoxification and lipid synthesis.

41
Q

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

A

microtubules

42
Q

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

A

Basal bodies and centrioles have identical structures

43
Q

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

A

Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of their metabolic processes.

44
Q

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

A

ribosome

45
Q

Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

A

chloroplast

46
Q

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

A

ER →Golgi →vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

47
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what is the role of the transport protein?

A

Transport proteins provide a hydrophilic route for the solute to cross the membrane.

48
Q

The permeability of a biological membrane to a specific polar solute may depend on which of the following?

A

the types of transport proteins in the membrane
The lipid bilayer will be impermeable or very poorly permeable to polar or charged solutes. The presence of the correct transport protein will determine the permeability.

49
Q

What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

A

Membrane proteins help move molecules across the membrane.

50
Q

Which of the following transporters does not use passive transport to move molecules across a membrane?

A

Sodium–potassium pump

51
Q

Which membrane protein would be used to move glucose across a membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?

A

Transporter

52
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the net movement of an ion across a membrane by passive diffusion through a membrane channel?

A

The charge on the other side of the membrane is generally the opposite of the ion’s charge.

53
Q

Lactose transport by membrane proteins occurs under conditions in which the concentration of lactose inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell. What type of transport is used to move lactose into the cell?

A

Active transport

Bio 166 (11 decks)

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