4. threat of antimicrobial resistance Flashcards
what are the consequences of antimicrobial resistance
- patients with MDRO infections are at increased risk of worse clinical outcomes and death
- increases health care costs due to longer durations of illness and treatment
- transplantation, chemo and surgeries more dangerous without effective antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infections
MDRO
multi drug resistant organism
factors that contribute to the transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals
- insufficient number of single rooms and toilets
- infection control deficits
- staff shortages
what percentage of the world carries TB
25%
what was the top cause of death worldwide in 2019
tuberculosis
what is the standard treatment for TB
six months of 4 first-line drugs
what happens if you have drug resistant TB
you have to use second line treatment
it takes 9-20 months
more expensive
more side effects
lower success rate
what is malaria transmitted by
female anopheles mosquito
is malaria preventable
yes is you prevent a mosquito bite
why is it so difficult to find malaria vaccine
because the parasite goes through different life stages
why did Malaria start increasing again
due to covid 19 disruptions
why is there now an increase of malaria in urban African settings
due to colonization by Asian mosquito vector which has adapted to spreading in urban settings
what makes malaria control difficult
- challenging to diagnose
- drug resistant malaria
- changes in vector epidemiology
which multi-drug resistant organisms are common in Irish hospitals
- E. coli
- S. aureus
- E. faecium
carabapenemase
an enzyme that destroys carbapenem antibiotics
what are the carbapenem antibiotics
considered the drug of last resort
mobile genetic enzyme
an enzyme that bacteria can share
what are the mortality rates of CPE infections
can be as high as 50%
what can you do as an individual
- only use antibiotics when prescribed
- prevent infection by washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoid close contact with sick people
what can you do as a healthcare professional
- prevent infections by ensuring hands, instruments and environment are clean
- only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when needed
- tell patients the danger of antibiotic resistance and misuse
where does antimicrobial resistance come from
resistance genes frequently originate in environmental bacteria
what is accelerating the process of antimicrobial resistance
the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals
transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals
routes for the transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals
- faecal contamination
- contaminated hands of staff and visitors
- oral acquisition
what can be done to stop antibiotic resistance by policy makers
- improve surveillance of antibiotic resistant infections
- make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance
