4. threat of antimicrobial resistance

Question 1

what are the consequences of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 1

• patients with MDRO infections are at increased risk of worse clinical outcomes and death
• increases health care costs due to longer durations of illness and treatment
• transplantation, chemo and surgeries more dangerous without effective antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infections

Question 2

MDRO

Answer 2

multi drug resistant organism

Question 3

factors that contribute to the transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals

Answer 3

• insufficient number of single rooms and toilets
• infection control deficits
• staff shortages

Question 4

what percentage of the world carries TB

Answer 4

25%

Question 5

what was the top cause of death worldwide in 2019

Answer 5

tuberculosis

Question 6

what is the standard treatment for TB

Answer 6

six months of 4 first-line drugs

Question 7

what happens if you have drug resistant TB

Answer 7

you have to use second line treatment
it takes 9-20 months
more expensive
more side effects
lower success rate

Question 8

what is malaria transmitted by

Answer 8

female anopheles mosquito

Question 9

is malaria preventable

Answer 9

yes is you prevent a mosquito bite

Question 10

why is it so difficult to find malaria vaccine

Answer 10

because the parasite goes through different life stages

Question 11

why did Malaria start increasing again

Answer 11

due to covid 19 disruptions

Question 12

why is there now an increase of malaria in urban African settings

Answer 12

due to colonization by Asian mosquito vector which has adapted to spreading in urban settings

Question 13

what makes malaria control difficult

Answer 13

• challenging to diagnose
• drug resistant malaria
• changes in vector epidemiology

Question 14

which multi-drug resistant organisms are common in Irish hospitals

Answer 14

• E. coli
• S. aureus
• E. faecium

Question 15

carabapenemase

Answer 15

an enzyme that destroys carbapenem antibiotics

Question 16

what are the carbapenem antibiotics

Answer 16

considered the drug of last resort

Question 17

mobile genetic enzyme

Answer 17

an enzyme that bacteria can share

Question 18

what are the mortality rates of CPE infections

Answer 18

can be as high as 50%

Question 19

what can you do as an individual

Answer 19

• only use antibiotics when prescribed
• prevent infection by washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoid close contact with sick people

Question 20

what can you do as a healthcare professional

Answer 20

• prevent infections by ensuring hands, instruments and environment are clean
• only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when needed
• tell patients the danger of antibiotic resistance and misuse

Question 21

where does antimicrobial resistance come from

Answer 21

resistance genes frequently originate in environmental bacteria

Question 22

what is accelerating the process of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 22

the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals

transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals

Question 23

routes for the transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals

Answer 23

• faecal contamination
• contaminated hands of staff and visitors
• oral acquisition

Question 24

what can be done to stop antibiotic resistance by policy makers

Answer 24

• improve surveillance of antibiotic resistant infections
• make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance