4. Respiratory Failure

Question 1

which nerve supplies motor function to the diaphragm?

Answer 1

Phrenic nerve

Question 2

the Vagus nerve supplies voluntary motor function to which structure

Answer 2

Larynx

Question 3

if an adult inhales a peanut, where is it most likely to become lodged in their airway ?

Answer 3

right main bronchus

Question 4

what is the term used to describe a malignant tumour of the pleural membranes

Answer 4

Mesothelioma

Question 5

central chemoreceptors are located in the ventral medulla and respond to

Answer 5

CSF pH

Question 6

the main peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the

Answer 6

Carotid arteries and aortic arch

Question 7

changes in which blood parameters stimulates carotid chemoreceptors

Answer 7

oxygen, carbon dioxide and H+ ions

Question 8

Type 1 respiratory failure is characterised by arterial blood gas picture of:

Answer 8

low pO2, normal/low pCO2

Question 9

name a condition that would normally lead to type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 9

pulmonary embolism

Question 10

Chronic type 2 respiratory failure is characterised by arterial blood gas picture of:

Answer 10

low pO2, high pCO2, normal-high HCO3

Question 11

what condition normally leads to Type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 11

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Question 12

name a factor that contributes to causing bronchodilation

Answer 12

adrenaline

Question 13

what cells provides cilia for the mucociliary escalator

Answer 13

columnar epithelial cells

Question 14

where is airway resistance higher

Answer 14

in main airways because there is cartilage and smooth muscle whereas only smooth muscle in smaller airways

Question 15

what is the drive to take a breath

Answer 15

PaCO2

Question 16

where are the respiratory control centres

Answer 16

pons (pneumotaxic and apneustic centres) + medulla (DRG, VRG)

Question 17

DRG

Answer 17

rapid fire in inspiration, input to spinal nerves controlling contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Question 18

VRG

Answer 18

neural firing in inspiration + expiration, respiratory rhythm generator in the pre botzinger complex of neurons

Question 19

chemoreceptors

Answer 19

split into central (medulla and pons, stimulated by PaCO2, afferent signal to VRG/DRG, increase ventilation) and peripheral (carotid bodies and aortic bodies, input to medullary inspiratory neurons to increase the respiratory rate, sensitive to abnormal PaO2)

Question 20

mechanoreceptors

Answer 20

sense lung volume, slowly (SASR) and rapidly adapting stretch receptors (RASR)

Question 21

juxta pulmonary receptors

Answer 21

in alveolar wall, stimulated by engorgement of pulmonary capillaries or increased pulmonary interstitial volume, causes rapid shallow breathing

Question 22

muscle proprioceptors

Answer 22

sensitive to tension and pressure, signals muscle contraction/ relaxation, stimulation causes deflation in the lungs