4. Respiratory Failure Flashcards
which nerve supplies motor function to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
the Vagus nerve supplies voluntary motor function to which structure
Larynx
if an adult inhales a peanut, where is it most likely to become lodged in their airway ?
right main bronchus
what is the term used to describe a malignant tumour of the pleural membranes
Mesothelioma
central chemoreceptors are located in the ventral medulla and respond to
CSF pH
the main peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the
Carotid arteries and aortic arch
changes in which blood parameters stimulates carotid chemoreceptors
oxygen, carbon dioxide and H+ ions
Type 1 respiratory failure is characterised by arterial blood gas picture of:
low pO2, normal/low pCO2
name a condition that would normally lead to type 1 respiratory failure
pulmonary embolism
Chronic type 2 respiratory failure is characterised by arterial blood gas picture of:
low pO2, high pCO2, normal-high HCO3
what condition normally leads to Type 2 respiratory failure?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
name a factor that contributes to causing bronchodilation
adrenaline
what cells provides cilia for the mucociliary escalator
columnar epithelial cells
where is airway resistance higher
in main airways because there is cartilage and smooth muscle whereas only smooth muscle in smaller airways
what is the drive to take a breath
PaCO2
where are the respiratory control centres
pons (pneumotaxic and apneustic centres) + medulla (DRG, VRG)
DRG
rapid fire in inspiration, input to spinal nerves controlling contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
VRG
neural firing in inspiration + expiration, respiratory rhythm generator in the pre botzinger complex of neurons
chemoreceptors
split into central (medulla and pons, stimulated by PaCO2, afferent signal to VRG/DRG, increase ventilation) and peripheral (carotid bodies and aortic bodies, input to medullary inspiratory neurons to increase the respiratory rate, sensitive to abnormal PaO2)
mechanoreceptors
sense lung volume, slowly (SASR) and rapidly adapting stretch receptors (RASR)
juxta pulmonary receptors
in alveolar wall, stimulated by engorgement of pulmonary capillaries or increased pulmonary interstitial volume, causes rapid shallow breathing
muscle proprioceptors
sensitive to tension and pressure, signals muscle contraction/ relaxation, stimulation causes deflation in the lungs
