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Research Methods And Stats > 4 Qual Data 1 > Flashcards

4 Qual Data 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What are the primary research questions for quantitative data?

A

A: Quantitative research questions are about causes and relationships between defined variables.

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2
Q

Q: How is data collected in quantitative research?

A

A: Data is collected in numeric form, often under controlled or experimental conditions.

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3
Q

Q: What methods are used for data analysis in quantitative research?

A

A: Data analysis involves statistical tests and is focused on falsifiability.

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4
Q

Q: How is interpretation approached in quantitative research?

A

A: Interpretation is objective, providing ‘facts’ about the world and human behavior, and aims to be generalizable.

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5
Q

Q: What are the primary research questions for qualitative data?

A

A: Qualitative research questions are exploratory, focusing on individual experiences, meaning, and interpretation.

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6
Q

Q: How is data collected in qualitative research?

A

A: Data is non-numeric, rich, and detailed, often collected in natural settings or contexts.

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7
Q

Q: What methods are used for data analysis in qualitative research?

A

A: Data analysis is inductive, facilitating the discovery of unanticipated insights and capturing complexity and variation.

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8
Q

Q: How is interpretation approached in qualitative research?

A

A: Interpretation is subjective, transferable, and acknowledges the active role of participants and researchers in constructing knowledge.

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9
Q

Q: Why might there not always be an appropriate theory to draw a hypothesis from in research questions?

A

A: This can occur in areas like mental health where traditional models may not fully capture the experiences and recovery processes of individuals.

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10
Q

Q: How did the perception of recovery from mental illness change in the 20th century?

A

A: Many argued that recovery is possible but may not fit the medical model, focusing instead on processes like staying in control of life and maintaining good relationships.

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11
Q

Q: What is a key difference in data collection focus between quantitative and qualitative research?

A

A: Quantitative research often isolates causes in controlled conditions, while qualitative research emphasizes the importance of context.

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12
Q

Q: How did local cultural context impact educational interventions in different regions?

A

A: In Chicago Heights, financial incentives for parents led to positive impacts on student test scores, whereas in the UK, similar incentives had no effect due to different local cultural contexts.

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13
Q

Q: In qualitative research, why might personal significance be more important than ‘truth’?

A

A: Personal experiences and values, such as choosing a degree, can be more meaningful to individuals than objective truths.

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14
Q

Q: Why is understanding people and improving their lives a challenging goal for psychologists?

A

A: Because experiences and lives are complex, involve multiple interacting causes and influences, people are actively involved in creating their lives and experiences, and they differ from one another.

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15
Q

Q: What is the limitation of focusing solely on hypothesis testing, quantification, and objectivity in quantitative research?

A

A: It can lead to overlooking vital information needed to understand a problem comprehensively.

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16
Q

Q: What is the primary type of data used in quantitative research?

A

A: Numeric data.

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17
Q

Q: What is the primary type of data used in qualitative research?

A

A: Non-numeric data.

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18
Q

Q: What is the main goal of qualitative research?

A

A: To understand how people make sense of their world and their experiences, focusing on meaning, describing, interpreting, and understanding experiences within their context.

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19
Q

Q: Where do qualitative studies typically take place?

A

A: In naturally occurring settings to understand how experiences and meaning are shaped by context.

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20
Q

Q: What kind of questions do qualitative researchers ask?

A

A: Questions about processes.

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21
Q

Q: What is ontology in the context of qualitative research?

A

A: Ontology is the study of the nature of reality.

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22
Q

Q: What is realism in terms of ontology?

A

A: Realism is the belief that there is a single reality that exists independently of the researcher that can be uncovered.

23
Q

Q: What is subtle realism in terms of ontology?

A

A: Subtle realism acknowledges the existence of an independent reality but denies direct access to it.

24
Q

Q: What is relativism in terms of ontology?

A

A: Relativism posits that reality is constructed through interpretation, leading to multiple realities and perspectives, each equally relevant.

25
Q

Q: What is epistemology in the context of qualitative research?

A

A: Epistemology is the study of how knowledge is created.

26
Q

Q: What is the positivist view of epistemology?

A

A: The positivist view holds that genuine knowledge is objective, observable, law-like, value-free, and can be uncovered through scientific methods.

27
Q

Q: What is the interpretivist/constructionist view of epistemology?

A

A: The interpretivist/constructionist view posits that all knowledge is socially constructed, an interpretation, and not value-free.

28
Q

Q: How do qualitative researchers differ in their approach?

A

A: They are diverse and make different methodological choices depending on their philosophical positions, such as their ontological and epistemological beliefs.

29
Q

Q: How should research questions be phrased in qualitative research?

A

A: Research questions should emphasize experience, understanding, and the perspectives of an individual or group in a specific context, avoiding quantification, assumptions about causality, reduction of complexity, and generalizable observations.

30
Q

Q: What are the aims of data collection methods in qualitative research?

A

A: The aims are to preserve the richness of individual experiences, access meaning, give voice to individuals, facilitate discovery of unanticipated insights, be sensitive to variations in experience, and understand experiences in context.

31
Q

Q: What are some unobtrusive methods of data collection in qualitative research?

A

A: Narratives, documents, observation, visual images, audio, and self-report.

32
Q

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive methods?

A

A: Advantages: naturalistic. Disadvantages: limited ability to probe or question for deeper understanding.

33
Q

Q: What is the most popular method of qualitative data collection?

A

A: Interviews, particularly in a semi-structured format.

34
Q

Q: What characterizes a structured interview?

A

A: Same questions, order, and setting with suggested response options, answers coded and quantified for statistical analysis, interviewee has a passive role.

35
Q

Q: What are the pros and cons of structured interviews?

A

A: Pros: standardized approach for consistency, low bias, reliable, replicable, quick, and no strong interview skills needed. Cons: not truly qualitative, limited range of responses, difficult to capture complexity, closes off theoretical avenues.

36
Q

Q: What is a semi-structured interview?

A

A: An interview where the interviewer uses a schedule flexibly, following up on responses and adapting the order, with mostly open-ended questions.

37
Q

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi-structured interviews?

A

A: Advantages: flexibility allows richer detail, deeper understanding, some standardization possible, captures complexities and inconsistencies, useful for sensitive topics, empowers participants. Disadvantages: non-natural conversation.

38
Q

Q: What is an unstructured interview?

A

A: An interview where the interviewer has a topic guide but lets the interviewee lead, developing and adapting questions and follow-up probes appropriate to the situation and interviewee.

39
Q

Q: What are the pros and cons of unstructured interviews?

A

A: Pros: respondent-led, empowers interviewees to define and focus on important issues, useful when little is known about a topic, rich, detailed, complex data. Cons: requires good interview skills, little standardization and reliability, complex to analyze, potential for bias.

40
Q

Q: What is a focus group?

A

A: A method where participants interact with each other and a moderator, meanings are jointly constructed, and group dynamics are integral to data generation.

41
Q

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups?

A

A: Advantages: discourse can have higher ecological validity, different perspectives, large amount of data in a short time, inexpensive. Disadvantages: not always suitable for sensitive topics, recording can reduce quality of interaction, social desirability, power dynamics, ethical issues.

42
Q

Q: What is the first step in constructing an interview schedule?

A

A: Identify topics and questions relevant to the research question.

43
Q

Q: How should questions be phrased in an interview schedule?

A

A: Questions should be phrased in a way that encourages the interviewee to describe their experiences in detail.

44
Q

Q: What should be considered when ordering questions in an interview schedule?

A

A: Questions should be arranged in a logical order.

45
Q

Q: How can an interviewer help the interviewee feel comfortable?

A

A: By considering ways to build rapport and make the interviewee feel comfortable.

46
Q

Q: What does a good interview schedule allow interviewees to do?

A

A: It allows interviewees to describe their experiences in their own words and in detail, resulting in rich data.

47
Q

Q: What happens if the interview schedule is poorly designed?

A

A: It reduces engagement, leading to weak data.

48
Q

Q: What is the primary role of an interviewer?

A

A: To encourage the interviewee to speak more, with the interviewer talking less and asking more probing questions.

49
Q

Q: Why is the skill of facilitating interviews considered useful?

A

A: It is a useful life skill.

50
Q

Q: How should an interviewer create a safe environment during an interview?

A

A: By addressing ethical issues and caring for the interviewee’s wellbeing.

51
Q

Q: What should an interviewer be flexible and self-aware of during an interview?

A

A: The interviewer’s own behavior and reactions.

52
Q

Q: Why is non-verbal communication important in interviews?

A

A: It helps convey interest and understanding without crossing appropriate boundaries.

53
Q

Q: What should an interviewer avoid conveying to maintain a good interview atmosphere?

A

A: Judgment.

54
Q

Q: How can language be used effectively in an interview?

A

A: By using positive encouragers, probes, prompts to seek clarity and deeper understanding, silences, and avoiding premature closure.

Research Methods And Stats (8 decks)

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