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4. psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

statistical infrequency

A

When an individual has a less common characteristic, for example, being more depressed or less intelligent than most of the population

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2
Q

Statistical infrequency example

A

Intellectual disability disorder (IDD)
— The average IQ is set at 100
— Most people have a score from 85 to 115
— Only two people have a score below 70 and these people are considered unusual or ‘abnormal’ and are liable for an IDD diagnosis.

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3
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

When behaviour is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society

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4
Q

Deviation from social norms example

A

Anti-social personality disorder (psychopathy)
— Symptoms include: impulsivity, aggressiveness, and irresponsibility
— Fail to conform to culturally normative and ethical behaviour
— Psychopathic behaviour considered ‘abnormal’ in a very wide range of cultures

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5
Q

Failure to function adequatly

A

Someone is unable to cope with the demands of everyday life

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6
Q

Failure to function adequately criteria

Rosenhan and Seligman

A

— Personal distress
— Maladaptive behaviour
— Irrationality
— Unpredictability
— Observer discomfort
— Violation of moral standards
— Unconventionality

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7
Q

Personal distress

Failure to function adequately

A

The person is upset or depressed

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8
Q

Maladaptive behaviour

Failure to function adequately

A

― Not adapting appropriately to the environment or situation
― Engaging in harmful behaviour
― Behaviour that prevents you from achieving life goals

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9
Q

Irrationality

Failure to function adequately

A

There appears to be no good reason why the person should choose to behave that way

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10
Q

Unpredictability

Failure to function adequately

A

Behaviour is often unexpected and characterised by a lack of control

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11
Q

Observer discomfort

Failure to function adequately

A

Behaviour that makes other people feel uncomfortable

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12
Q

Violation of moral standards

Failure to function adequately

A

Breaking moral standards, taboos, unwritten social rules, etc.

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13
Q

Unconventionality

Failure to function adequately

A

Displaying highly unconventional/unusual behaviours

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14
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

When someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

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15
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health criteria

Marie Jahoda

A

― Positive attitude towards the self
― Self-actualisation
― Resistance to stress
― Personal autonomy
― Accurate perception of reality
― Environmental mastery

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16
Q

Positive attitude towards the self

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Having high self-esteem and a strong self of identity

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17
Q

Self-actualisation

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

The extent to which an individual develops their full capabilities, being the best they can be

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18
Q

Resistance to stress

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Being able to cope with stressful situations competently

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19
Q

Personal autonomy

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Being independent and self-reliant

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20
Q

Accurate perception of reality

Deviation from ideal meantal health

A

Having a realistic view of the world, similar to how others see the world

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21
Q

Environmental mastery

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Being able to adapt to new situations and to be at ease; being flexibile rather than rigid

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22
Q

Phobias

A

An irrational fear of an object or situation

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23
Q

Behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

― Panic
― Avoidance
― Endurance

Endurance: the person chooses to remain in the presence of the phobia

24
Q

Emotional characteristics of phobias

A

― Anxiety
― Fear
― Unreasonable response

Anxiety: a prolonged, unpleasant experience of high arousal

25
Cognitive characteristics of a phobia
― Selective attention to the phobic stimulus ― Irrational beliefs ― Cognitive distortions
26
Depression
A mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels
27
Behavioural characteristics of depression
― Abnormal (increased or decreased) activity levels ― Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour ― Agression and self-harm
28
Emotional characteristics of depression
― Lowered mood ― Anger ― Lowered self-esteem
29
Cognitive characteristics of depression
― Poor concentration ― Attenting to and dwelling on the negative ― Absolutist thinking (black and white thinking)
30
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A condition characterised by obsessions (cognitive) and/or compulsions (behavioural).
31
Behavioural characteristics of OCD
― Compulsions are repetitive ― Compulsions reduce anxiety ― Avoidance | Avoidance: they may avoid situations that trigger obsessions/compulsions
32
Emotional characteristics of OCD
― Anxiety and distress ― Accompanying depression ― Guilt and disgust (at things or at self) | Anxiety: accompanies obsessions and compulsions = lack of enjoyment
33
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
― Obsessive thoughts ― Cognitive coping strategies ― Insight into (aware of) excessive anxiety
34
two-process model
Phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
35
Classical conditioning
― Learning by association. ― Occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. fear of falling) and a neutral stimulus (e.g. heights) are paired together ― The neutral stimulus eventually procudes the same response first produced by the unconditioned stimulus
36
Little Albert experiment | Acquisition by classical conditioning
― Watson and Rayner created a phobia in a 9 month old, who showed no anxiety at the start of the study ― Little Albert was shown a white rat (NS) and tried to play with it. The experimenters made a loud noise (UCS) ― Little Albert began to associate one with the other and they both now produce fear (CR) ― Little Albert then displayed fear when he saw the rat (now a CS) ― His fear became generalisable to similar objects, such as furry objects
37
Operant conditioning
A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences: positive and negative reinforcement, and punishment
38
Negative reinforcement
The encouragement of certain behaviours by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimuli
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Positive reinforcement
The introduction of a pleasant or desirable stimuli after the performance of a behaviour
40
Systematic desensitisation
A behavioural therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response, such as anxiety. SD involves: ― drawing up a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations related to a person's phobia ― teaching them relaxation techniques ― exposing them to the phobic stimulus The person works their way through the hierarchy whilst maintaining relaxation
41
Flooding
A behavioural therapy in which a person with a phobia is completely exposed to a phobia in order to reduce anxiety by that stimulus. ― There is no option of avoidance behaviour, and the person quickly learns that the phobic stimulus is harmless, and the phobia goes extinct. ― The client achieves relaxation because they become exhausted by their own fear response.
42
Beck's negative triad
Beck proposed that there are three kinds of automatic negative thinking that contribute to becoming depressed and make a person more vulnerable to depression ― negative views of the world ― negative views of the future ― negative views of the self
43
Faulty information processing
Depressed people attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives
44
Negative self-schema
A person interprets all information about themselves in a negative way
45
Ellis' ABC model
Ellis proposed that depression occurs when an activating event (A) triggers an irrational belief (B) which in turn produces a consequence (C)
46
Activating event | Ellis' ABC model
Situations in which irrational thoughts are triggered by external events. When we get depressed, we eerience negative events which trigger irrational beliefs
47
Beliefs
Musturbation: the belief that we must always succeed or achieve perfection Utopianism: the belief that life is always meant to be fair
48
Consequences
When an activating event triggers irrational beliefs, there are emotional and behavioural consequences
49
Cognitive behaviour therapy
A method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques. ― From the cognitive viewpoint, the therapy aims to deal with thinking, such as challening negative thoughts. ― The therapy also includes behavioural techniques such as behavioural activation
50
Behavioural activation
The goal of behavioural activation is to work with depressed individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation, and increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood
51
Irrational thoughts
These are defined as thoughts that are likely to interfere with a person's happiness. It can lead to mental disorders such as depression
52
Genetic explanations of OCD
― Candidate genes ― OCD is polygenic ― Different types of OCD | Candidate genes: create OCD vulnerability (can be polygenic)
53
Neural explanations of OCD
― The role of seotonin (low levels) ― Impaired decision-making systems
54
SSRIs
A particular type of antidepressant drug called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ― SSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the synapse and stimulate the postsynaptic neuron ― Available as capsules or liquid ― Takes three to four months of daily use for SSRIs to have much impact on symptoms
55
SSRI alternatives
― Tricyclics ― SNRIs
56
Tricyclics
An older type of anti-depressant. It is usually kept in reserve for people who do not respond to SSRIs due to the more severe side-effects
57
SNRIs
A different type of antidepressant drugs that are a second line of defence for people who don't respond to SSRIs. SNRIs increase serotonin levels as well as noradrenaline levels

psychology (6 decks)

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