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AQA A Level Inorganic Chemistry > 4. Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides > Flashcards

4. Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides Flashcards

1
Q

Which metal elements in period 3 react with cold water?

A

Sodium and magnesium

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2
Q

Which elements in period 3 react with steam under certain conditions?

A

Aluminium and silicon

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3
Q

Which elements in period 3 do not react with water?

A

Phosphorous, sulphur and argon

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4
Q

Which elements in period 3 react with cold water?

A

Sodium, magnesium and chlorine

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5
Q

What happens when sodium is added to water?

A
  • reacts vigorously to form alkaline solution
  • floats on surface, fizzes and becomes molten
  • may also catch fire and burn with a yellow flame
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6
Q

Symbol equation for reaction of sodium with cold water?

A

2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

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7
Q

What happens when magnesium is added to cold water?

A
  • reacts very slowly

* forms a less alkaline solution than sodium

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8
Q

Symbol equation for reaction of magnesium with cold water?

A

Mg + 2H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ + H₂

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9
Q

What happens when magnesium is added to steam?

A
  • reacts vigorously

* produces a different product to Mg + water

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10
Q

Symbol equation for reaction of magnesium with steam?

A

Mg + H₂O → MgO + H₂

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11
Q

What types of reaction are sodium and magnesium with water?

A

Redox

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12
Q

In the redox reactions of Mg and Na with H₂O, which is oxidised and which is reduced?

A

Metal is oxidised, water is reduced

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13
Q

Why does sodium react more vigorously than magnesium with water?

A
  • Na has 1+ ions whereas Mg has 2+

* stronger electrostatic forces of attraction between Mg ions and delocalised electrons

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14
Q

What type of reaction is that of chlorine with water?

A

Disproportionation

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15
Q

Symbol equation for reaction of chlorine with water?

A

Cl₂ + H₂O ⇌ HClO + HCl

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16
Q

What happens when chlorine is added to H₂O?

A
  • disproportionation reaction

* gives acidic solution

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17
Q

How do all period 3 elements react with oxygen?

A

Redox reaction - except chlorine and argon

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18
Q

Which P3 elements do not react with oxygen in a redox reaction?

A

Chlorine and argon

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19
Q

Which oxides are formed when P3 elements react with oxygen?

A
  • Na₂O
  • MgO
  • Al₂O₃
  • SiO₂
  • P₄O₁₀
  • SO₂
  • SO₃
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20
Q

Observations for when Na reacts with oxygen?

A
  • yellow flame
  • produce white solid
  • reacts vigorously
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21
Q

Observations for when Mg reacts with oxygen?

A
  • bright white flame

* produce white solid

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22
Q

Observations for when Al reacts with oxygen?

A
  • not as vigorous as Mg or Na
  • bright white flame
  • white solid produced
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23
Q

Observations for when Si reacts with oxygen?

A
  • bright white flame

* forms white solid - silicon dioxide

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24
Q

Observations for when P₄ reacts with oxygen?

A
  • spontaneously ignites in air
  • white flame
  • white smoke produced - phosphorous oxide
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25
Q

In limited oxygen, what can P₄ produce?

A

P₄O₆ (as oppose to P₄O₁₀)

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26
Q

Observations for when S₈ reacts with oxygen?

A
  • blue flame
  • produce colourless gas - sulphur dioxide
  • sometimes small amounts of sulphur trioxide produced
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27
Q

Equation for Na with oxygen?

A

4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O

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28
Q

Equation for Mg with oxygen?

A

2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

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29
Q

Equation for Al with oxygen?

A

4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃

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30
Q

Equation for Si with oxygen?

A

Si + O₂ → SiO₂

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31
Q

Equation for P₄ with oxygen?

A

4P + 5O₂ → P₄O₁₀

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32
Q

Equation for S₈ with oxygen?

A

S + O₂ → SO₂

S₈ + 8O₂ → 8SO₂

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33
Q

What is the structure of Na₂O?

A

Ionic

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34
Q

What is the structure of MgO?

A

Ionic

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35
Q

What is the structure of Al₂O₃?

A

Ionic with covalent character

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36
Q

What is the structure of SiO₂?

A

Giant covalent

37
Q

What is the structure of P₄O₁₀?

A

Molecular covalent

38
Q

What is the structure of SO₃?

A

Molecular covalent

39
Q

What is the structure of SO₂?

A

Molecular covalent

40
Q

Which P3 oxides have a high melting point?

A

Na₂O, MgO and Al₂O₃

41
Q

Why do MgO and Al₂O₃ have higher melting points than Na₂O?

A
  • Na forms 1+ ion, Mg forms 2+, Al forms 3+

* so stronger ionic bonds in Mg and Al

42
Q

Why is the melting point of Al₂O₃ lower than that of MgO?

A

Al₂O₃ is ionic with covalent character, so molecules are further from each other → weaker electrostatic forces

43
Q

Why does Al₂O₃ have covalent character?

A

Al 3+ so highly charged and small - so can attract electrons towards itself

44
Q

Why does SiO₂ have a high melting point?

A

Strong covalent bonds only which take a lot of energy to overcome

45
Q

Which P3 oxides have a low melting point?

A

P₄O₁₀, SO₂ and SO₃

46
Q

Why do the P3 molecular oxides have a much lower melting point?

A

They have weak IMFs which don’t take a lot of energy to overcome

47
Q

Why is there a decrease in melting point in the P3 molecular oxides?

A

They decrease in size so fewer electrons and temporary dipole is weaker - so weaker VDW forces

48
Q

Which three groups can the P3 oxides be classified as?

A
  1. Ionic oxides
  2. Giant covalent oxide
  3. Molecular covalent oxides
49
Q

What do ionic oxides react with water to produce?

A

Hydroxide ions

50
Q

What ion do ionic oxides contain?

51
Q

Are ionic oxides acidic or basic?

52
Q

Is Na₂O soluble in water?

A

Very soluble - many OH- ions formed

53
Q

What pH solution is formed when sodium oxide is added to water?

A

Alkaline - 13 to 14

54
Q

Is MgO soluble in water?

A

Slightly soluble - few O²⁻ ions in solution and so only few OH- ions are forming

55
Q

What pH solution is formed when magnesium oxide is added to water?

A

Weakly alkaline - 10

56
Q

Is Al₂O₃ soluble in water?

A

No - no OH- ions formed and pH of water is unaffected

57
Q

What pH solution is formed when aluminium oxide is added to water?

A

Remains at 7

58
Q

Why can Al₂O₃ show some acidic characteristics?

A
  • electronegativity difference between Al and O is less than Na and O - so significant covalent character
  • this allows it to show acidic characteristics as well as being a metal oxide and therefore showing basic characteristics
59
Q

Is SiO₂ is soluble in water?

A

No - macromolecule so very stable

also small difference in electronegativity between Si and O so minimal attraction for the water molecules

60
Q

Why are covalent oxides acidic?

A
  • don’t contain ions, but have strongly +ve dipole on the atom that isn’t oxygen
  • attracts lone pair on water molecules - releasing H+
61
Q

How does P₄O₁₀ react with water?

A
  • violently

* forms phosphoric acid - which ionises in the solution

62
Q

Equation for P₄O₁₀, with water?

A

P₄O₁₀, + 6H₂O → 4H₃PO₄

↓

H₂PO₄ → H⁺ + H₂PO₄⁻

63
Q

How do SO₂ and SO₃ react with water?

A
  • give acidic solutions

* SO₃ reacts more vigorously - more H+ ions produced - lower pH

64
Q

pH after SO₂ has reacted with water?

65
Q

pH after SO₃ has reacted with water?

66
Q

Equation for SO₂ with water?

A

SO₂ + H₂O → H+ + HSO₃- (H₂SO₃, sulphurous acid)

67
Q

Equation for SO₃ with water?

A

SO₃ + H₂O → H+ + HSO₄- (strongly acidic solution of sulphuric acid)

68
Q

What does SO₃ with water produce?

A

Strongly acidic solution of sulphuric acid

69
Q

What happens to the oxides across period 3, in terms of acids and bases?

A

Across the period they go from basic to acidic

70
Q

What do ionic oxides react with compared to covalent oxides?

A
  • ionic with acids
  • covalent with bases

(neutralisation)

71
Q

What do Na₂O and MgO react with acids to give?

A

Salt and water

72
Q

Equation for Na₂O with HCl?

A

Na₂O + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H₂O

73
Q

Equation for MgO with HCl?

A

MgO + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂O

74
Q

Equation for MgO with sulfuric acid?

A

MgO + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂O

75
Q

Equation for Na₂O with nitric acid?

A

Na₂O + 2HNO₃ → 2NaNO₃ + H₂O

76
Q

What does it mean that Al₂O₃ is an amphoteric oxide?

A

It reacts with both acids and alkalis

77
Q

Equation for Al₂O₃ with HCl?

A

Al₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂O

78
Q

Equation for Al₂O₃ with sulphuric acid?

A

Al₂O₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂O

79
Q

Equation for Al₂O₃ with nitric acid?

A

Al₂O₃ + 6HNO₃ → 2Al(NO₃)₃ + 3H₂O

80
Q

What will SiO₂ act as? And what will it react with as a result?

A

Acts as a weak acid, reacts with a strong base (under certain conditions)

81
Q

Under what conditions will SiO₂ react with strong bases?

A

Hot, concentrated bases (e.g. NaOH)

82
Q

Equation for SiO₂ with NaOH?

A

SiO₂ + 2NaOH → Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O

83
Q

What is the product when SiO₂ reacts with NaOH?

A

Sodium silicate

84
Q

Are P₄O₁₀, SO₂ and SO₃ acidic or basic oxides?

85
Q

Do P₄O₁₀, SO₂ and SO₃ react with acids or alkalis?

86
Q

What is the overall equation for the reaction of P₄O₁₀ with NaOH? (write half equations)

A

OVERALL: P₄O₁₀ + 12NaOH → 6H₂O + 4Na₃PO₄

(P₄O₁₀ + 6H₂O → 4H₃PO₄
H₃PO₄ + 3NaOH → Na₃PO₄ + 3H₂O x4 to cancel H₃PO₄)

87
Q

What is the overall equation for the reaction of SO₂ with NaOH? (write half equations)

A

OVERALL: SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃

(SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃
H₂SO₃ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₃ + 2H₂O)

88
Q

What is the overall equation for the reaction of SO₃ with NaOH? (write half equations)

A

OVERALL: SO₃ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O

(SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄
H₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O)

AQA A Level Inorganic Chemistry (6 decks)

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