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HD2 > 4 - Problems of the male reproductive tract > Flashcards

4 - Problems of the male reproductive tract Flashcards

1
Q

Size of normal prostate

A

20g
3cm long
4cm wide
2cm depth

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2
Q

Regions of the prostate and percentages of each

A

Peripheral zone - 70%
Central zone - 25%
Transitional zone -5%

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3
Q

Function of prostate

A

Secrete a fluid making up the semen

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4
Q

Which zone does hyperplasia mainly occur

A

Transitional zone

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5
Q

Which zone does prostate cancer mainly occur in

A

Peripheral Zone

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6
Q

Difference between normal prostate, BPH, prostate with cancer

A

Normal - smooth and small
BPH - smooth and enlarged
Cancer - craggy and enlarged

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7
Q

Causes of BPH

A

Advanced age - inc in proliferation and decrease in apoptosis
Increase in testicular androgen
Oestrogens
NTS from the gland

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8
Q

Where is testosterone converted to estrodiol

A

Stroma cells

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9
Q

What is the enzyme that converts testosterone to estrodiol

A

Aromatase

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10
Q

What is the action of estrodiol at a Era

A

Cell proliferation

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11
Q

Where is testosterone converted to DHT

A

Epithelial cells

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12
Q

What does DHT cause

A

Antaonistic activity of apoptosis

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13
Q

What converts Testosterone to DHT

A

5-alpha reductase

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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of BPH

A 
Slow stream
Hesitancy 
Intermittent flow
Terminal dribbling
Emptying is incomplete
Increase in frequency, urgency and nocturia
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15
Q

What percentage of men over 40 develop histological hyperplasia of the prostate

A

50

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16
Q

Diagnosis of BPH

A 
History, Digital Rectal Exam , Ultrasound with biopsy
PSA test (g-seminoprotein, kallikrelin-3)
17
Q

Treatment of BPH

A

A1-adrenergic blockers

5-a reductase inhibitors

18
Q

MoA of a-1 adrenergic blockers

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in bladder neck and prostate improving urine flow rate
Tamsulosin

19
Q

MoA of 5a-reductase inhibitors

A

Prevent testosterone –> DHT

Finasteride

20
Q

Surgery for BPH

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate

Open prostatectomy

21
Q

Difference between BPH and prostate cancer?

A

Symptoms similar but PSA much more raised in cancer

22
Q

Which inguinal hernia is more common and what age does it occur in

A

Indirect inguinal hernia

Occurs in young - babies

23
Q

Borders of hasselbach’s triangle

A

Rectus abdominis
Inferior epigastric vessels
Inguinal ligament

24
Q

Where does a direct inguinal hernia occur

A

The intestine pushes through the hasselbachs triangle (the sheath)

25
Q

Where does an indirect inguinal hernia occur

A

Through the deep inguinal ring

26
Q

Cause of indirect inguinal hernia

A

Failure of inguinal canal to close properly

27
Q

What are the 3 dysfunctions that can be classified as erectile dysfunction

A

Complete inability to have an erection;
Inconsistent ability to achieve an erection;
Ability to have short-term erections.

28
Q

Control of erection

A

PSN neuron releases NO to smooth muscle to cavernosa cells –> Binds to soluble guanylyl cyclase –> CGMP produced and causes Smooth muscle relaxation (causes dilation)

29
Q

Control of ejaculation

A

SN –> Releases NA –> Binds to A1 receptor –> Contraction

30
Q

What breaks down CGMP

A

Pde5

31
Q

Treatment for erectile dysfunction

A

PDE-5 Inhibitors

Penile prosthesis

32
Q

Examples of PDE- inhibitors

A

Sildenafil - viagra
Vardenafil - levitra
Tadalafil - cialis

33
Q

What is peyronie’s disease

A

Scar tissue forms on the shaft of the penis which causes bending or deformity of the penis
Painful erections and difficulties with sexual intercourse

34
Q

How do you treat peyronie’s disease

A

Para-aminobenzoate

Topical verapamil

35
Q

What are varioceles

A

Varicose veins of the scrotum

2degree raise in temp

36
Q

Where do varioceles form in the scrotum

A

pampiniform venous plexus

HD2 (10 decks)

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