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Chemistry > 4) Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

4) Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

Types of formulae

A

-empirical
-molecular
-general
-structural
-displayed

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3
Q

Empirical formula

A

Shows the simplest possible ratio of the atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

Molecular formula

A

Shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule

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5
Q

General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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6
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
-all bonds form

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7
Q

Structural formula

A

Minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
-e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 - pentane

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8
Q

Homologous series

A

Series of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group
-same general formula
-same functional group
-similar chemical properties
-gradation in their physical properties
-difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

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9
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series
e.g. alkene C=C

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10
Q

Isomerism

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae

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11
Q

Naming compounds - prefix/ suffix

A

Prefix: tells you how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continuous chain in the compound
Suffix: tells you what functional group is on the compound

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12
Q

Naming compounds - stem

A

Stem: number of carbon atoms
-meth - 1
-eth - 2
-prop - 3
-but - 4
-pent - 5
-hex - 6

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13
Q

Naming compounds - prefix

A

Cl - chloro
Br - bromo
I - iodo
CH3 - methyl

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14
Q

Naming compounds - suffix

A

-alkane - ane
-alkene - ene
-alcohol - ol
-carboxylic acid - oic acid

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15
Q

Substitution reaction

A

Takes place when one functional group is replaced by another
e.g. Methane + Bromine → Bromomethane + Hydrogen Bromide
-methane reacts with bromine under UV light
-alkanes react via substitution (UV light needed)

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16
Q

Addition reaction

A

Takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule with no other products
e.g. Ethene + Bromine → Dibromoethane
-alkenes react via addition

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17
Q

Combustion

A

An organic substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
-if it is incomplete: produce carbon monoxide and water

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18
Q

Crude oil

A

-mixture of hydrocarbons
-not very useful but different hydrocarbons in it are valuable
-therefore needs to be separated from each other - fractional distillation

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19
Q

Process of fractional distillation

A
  1. Crude oil is vaporized and pumped into the fractionating column which is cooler at the top than the bottom
  2. The vapours rise up the column until they reach their boiling points
  3. The hydrocarbons condense at their boiling points and are pumped out the column in fractions
  4. Smaller molecules have lower boiling points so condense further up the column
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20
Q

Main fractions of crude oil

A

Shortest chain
-refinery gases
-gasoline
-kerosene
-diesel
-fuel oil
-bitumen
Longest chain

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21
Q

Trend in characteristics - going from shortest to longest chains

A

-boiling point increases
-viscosity increases
-colour decreases
-volatility decreases

-usefulness decreases
-abundance increases

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22
Q

Use of refinery gases

A

-fuel for domestic heating
-cooking
-bottled gases

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23
Q

Use of gasoline

A

-fuel for cars

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24
Q

Use of kerosene

A

-fuel for aircrafts

25
Q

Use of diesel

A

-fuel for lorries, buses, trains, some cars

26
Q

Use of fuel oil

A

-fuel for ships
-fuel for power stations

27
Q

Use of bitumen

A

-bitumen for roads and roofs

28
Q

A fuel

A

Substance that releases heat energy when burned

29
Q

Burning fossil fuels - products

A

-carbon dioxide
-carbon monoxide
-oxides of nitrogen
-oxides of sulfur

30
Q

Dangers of carbon monoxide

A

-toxic and odourless gas
-the CO binds well to haemoglobin in the blood, therefore cannot bind oxygen and carbon
-can cause dizziness, loss of consciousness, even death

31
Q

Nitrogen oxides

A

-formed when nitrogen and oxygen react in the high pressure and temperature
-reacts with rain water to form nitrous/ nitric acids - acid rain, produces photochemical smog and breathing difficulties

32
Q

Sulfur dioxide

A

-from combustion of fossil fuels, which are often contaminated with small amounts of sulfur impurities
-when contaminated fossil fuels are combusted, sulfur in the fuels get oxidized to sulphur dioxide
-dissolves in rainwater - acid rain - causes corrosion to metal structures, buildings, statues made of carbonate rocks
-damage to aquatic organisms
-pollutes crops and water supplies, irritates lungs, throats, eyes

33
Q

Cracking

A

Used to convert long chain alkane molecules into short chain molecules which are more useful
-two methods: catalytic cracking and steam cracking

34
Q

Catalytic cracking

A
  1. heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 600 – 700°C to vaporise them
  2. vapours pass over hot powdered aluminium oxides (silica or alumina)
    -process breaks covalent bonds in the molecules as they come into contact with the surface of the catalyst - thermal decomposition
    -molecules are broken up in a random way - produces a mixture of smaller alkanes and alkenes
35
Q

Need for cracking

A

-fractions with shorter carbon chains are more in demand
-fractions with longer carbon chains are in excess and are in less demand
-these are cracked to produce shorter carbon chains

36
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

37
Q

Saturated definition

A

Only have single carbon-carbon bonds
-alkanes

38
Q

Alkanes

A

-group of saturated hydrocarbons
-colourless compounds
Alkanes are generally unreactive compounds but:
-undergo combustion reactions
-can be cracked into smaller molecules
-react with halogens in the presence of light

39
Q

Alkanes - substitution reaction

A

Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation

40
Q

Alkanes - react with bromine

A

-in the presence of UV light, methane reacts with bromine in a substitution reaction
-CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr
methane + bromine → bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

41
Q

Alkanes - react with chlorine

A

-CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
-methane + chlorine → chloromethane + hydrogen chloride

42
Q

Alkenes

A

-double carbon bond
-C=C functional group
-they can make more bonds with other atoms by opening the C=C bonds and allowing atoms to form another single bond with each carbon atom
-makes them much more reactive than alkanes - bromination of alkenes, polymerisation

43
Q

Unsaturated definition

A

Compounds that have a C=C double bond

44
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

45
Q

Bromination of ethene

A

-undergo addition reactions in which atoms of a simple molecule add across the C=C double bond
-works for any halogen and alkene
ethene + bromine –> 1,2-dibromoethane

46
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Bromine water test
-Bromine water is an orange coloured solution
Added to an alkane:
-will remain as an orange solution as alkanes do not have double carbon bonds (C=C) so the bromine remains in solution
Added to an alkene:
-the bromine atoms add across the C=C bond, hence the solution no longer contains free bromine
-becomes decolourised

47
Q

Addition polymers

A

Formation of long chain molecules from lots of small molecules (alkenes)

48
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecule
-each monomer is a repeat unit and is connected to the adjacent unit via covalent bonds

49
Q

Drawing polymers

A

-addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many monomers and only occurs in monomers that contain C=C bonds
-one of the bonds in each C=C bond breaks
-forms a bond with the adjacent monomer with the polymer being formed containing single bonds

50
Q

Naming polymers

A

-put the name of the monomer in brackets
-add poly as the prefix
e.g. propene - alkene monomer –> polypropene

51
Q

Polymerization of ethene monomers

A

Poly(ethene)
-draw it

52
Q

Polymerization of chloroethene monomers

A

Poly(chloroethene)
-draw it

53
Q

Polymerization of propene monomers

A

Polypropene
-draw it

54
Q

Polymerization of tetrafluoroethene

A

Polytetrafluoroethene
-draw it

55
Q

Problem with disposing addition polymers

A

-addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many small molecules with strong C-C bonds
-makes addition polymers unreactive and chemically inert so don’t easily biodegrade
-landfills
-incineration
-recycling

56
Q

Disposal of addition polymers - landfills

A

-waste polymers are disposed in landfill
-takes up valuable land
-they are non-biodegradable so micro-organisms cannot break them down
-causes site to quickly fill up

57
Q

Disposal of addition polymers - incineration

A

-polymers release a lot of heat energy when they burn and produces carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas
-polymers contain chlorine such as PVC release toxic hydrogen chloride gas when burned
-if incinerated by incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide will be produced

58
Q

Disposal of addition polymers - recycling

A

-can be recycled but different polymers must be separated from each other
-process is difficult and expensive

Chemistry (6 decks)

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