Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > 4 - Muscle And Nervous Tiss > Flashcards

4 - Muscle And Nervous Tiss Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Elongated cells in parallel array whose primary role is contraction?
  2. What is its origin?
A
  1. Muscle

2. Mesodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define:

  1. Sarcolemma
  2. Sarcoplasm
  3. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
  4. Sarcosome
    - only found where?
A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Composition of a skeletal muscle

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which muscles are striated? Non-striated?

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In a striated muscle, what are the darker bands? lighter bands?

A

Darker: A band (Anisotropic or birefringent to polarized light)

Lighter: I band
(Isotropic: does not alter polarized light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of Muscle Tissues?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Skeletal

  1. Function
  2. Position of nuclei? How many per cell?
  3. Shape of muscle fibers?
  4. Striated or not?
  5. Color? Why?
  6. Where are the blood vessels found? Lymphatic vessels?
A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classification of muscle based on function or activity?

A
  1. Voluntary - skeletal

2. Involuntary - cardiac, smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structural subunit of each muscle fiber? Functional subunit?

A

Myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the actual contractile elements of striated muscle? Identify and give its composition.

A

Myofilaments. They are individual filamentous polymers of myosin II (bundles of this compose the thick fil) and actin (F-actin, tropomyosin, and troponin) + associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Connective Tissue coverings of the Skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium - equivalent to the fascia
Perimysium - covering the bundles
Endomysium - covering each myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The endomysium is composed mainly of which fibers? What structures can you see here?

A
  1. Reticular fibers

2. Capillaries, nerves, some lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the smallest subunit of a contractile tissue?

A

Sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What ties adjacent sarcomeres together?

A

Alpha-actinin and desmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

M line stands for? Function?

A

Myosin-binding protein

Binds the muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 major muscle proteins?

A

Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Myosin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Actin

  1. Characteristic
  2. Contains binding site for which protein?
A

Actin

  1. thin filament; 2 strands of globular (G-actin) monomers in double helical form
  2. contains binding site for myosin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Troponin

  1. Characteristic
  2. Function
A
  1. Complex of 3 Globular subunits
  2. A. Troponin T - tropomyosin
    B. Troponin I - binds to actin
    C. Troponin C - binds Ca2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tropomyosin

  1. Characteristic?
  2. Location?
A
  1. Double-helix of 2 polypeptide chains

2. Run in the groove between F-actin molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myosin II

  1. Bundles of this composes what?
  2. Structure
  3. Heads of heavy chains have?
A
  1. Thick filament
  2. 2 heavy and 4 light chains
  3. Heads of heavy chains have: ATP Binding sites and ATPase activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sliding filament mechanism. What are the morphologic changes in sarcomere structure during contraction?

A

I band = narrower
H band = extinguished
Z disks = move closer
A band = unAltered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Motor innervation/Nerve impulse in muscles?

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Finger-like projection of sarcolemma?

  1. Function?
  2. Absent in which muscle tissue type?
A
  1. T-tubules/Transverse tubules
  2. Function: Regulate Ca2+ efflux and influx
  3. Absent in smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. Branching network of smooth ER-cisternae?

2. Function

A
  1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

2. Function: Calcium storage and release

25
Q

What is the “triad” of the skeletal muscle?

A

2 SR + 1 T-tubule

26
Q

What is DMD?

  • More affected?
  • When are the symptoms seen? More prone?
A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

  • Genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscular degeneration
  • Absence of dystrophin (protein which helps keep the muscle intact)
  • Symptoms seen at early childhood (3-5 y.o.); usually affects boys
27
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

  • Due to what?
  • Manifestation?
A
  • Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease

- weakness in skeletal muscle responsible for breathing, movement, etc.

28
Q

Encapsulated Proprioceptors?

A
  1. Neuromuscular spindle
    - Composed of nerve fibers, internal capsule, spindle cells, sometimes blood vessels; enclosed in the external capsule; lined by perimysium
  2. Golgi Tendon Organ
    - sensory receptors found in tendons
    - response to stretch
    - contains afferent fibers ONLY
    - REGULATE AMOUNT OF EFFORT REQUIRED TO PERFORM MOVEMENTS
29
Q

Cardiac muscle

  1. Structure of fibers?
  2. Banding pattern
  3. No., location, and characteristic of nuclei
A
  1. Branching fibers
  2. Cross-striated banding pattern
  3. 1-2 centrally located nuclei that are pale-staining due to the presence of mitochondria
30
Q

What occupies 40% of the cytoplasmic volume of cardiac muscles?

A

Mitochondria to keep it pumping all day

31
Q

Interface between adjacent cardiac muscles? What are found here?

A

Intercalated disk

  • has junctional complexes mainly:
    1. Fascia adherentes
  • most prominent found in transverse portions
  • anchoring sites for actin filaments of terminal sarcomeres
    2. Macula adherentes/desmosomes
  • bind individual cardiac cells to one another
    3. Gap junctions
  • help transmit contractile forces for continuous contraction of heart or cardiac muscle
  • only transverse; the other two are vertical

*they are counterpart of zonula adherens

32
Q

Cardiac muscles are triads or dyads?

A

Dyads

-1 SR + 1 T-tubule

33
Q

Compare the SR of cardiac and skeletal?

A

In cardiac muscles, the SR is less develop and the tissue needs continuous aerobic metabolism

34
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

  1. Function
  2. Location
  3. How to distinguish microscopically?
A
  1. Generate & rapidly transmit contractile, electrical impulses to the myocardium in precise sequence
  2. Located in the subendocardium layer (2nd layer after the covering of <3) of the heart
  3. Larger than usual cardiac cell; more pale-staining cytoplasm because of the presence of glycogen/glycogen-rich cytoplasm
35
Q

Smooth muscle

  1. Distinguishing characteristics
  2. Banding pattern
  3. Location of nucleus
  4. T or F. Smooth muscle has a lattice-like appearance/network.
A
  1. Fusiform cells with a cigar-shaped nucleus
  2. Non-striated
  3. Centrally located nucleus
  4. T.
36
Q

Connective tissue serve to combine the forces generated by each smooth muscle into concerted action called ___.

A

Peristalsis

37
Q

Myosin proteins are bundled differently in smooth muscles. What is its effect?

A

Same sliding filament mechanism but LESS CROSS-BRIDGING (fewer F-actin filaments it could interact with)

38
Q

Smooth muscles difference in terms of impulse conduction?

A

No NMJ. Instead, axonal swelling with synaptic vesicles lie close in contact with sarcolemma

39
Q

Structure of smooth muscles. Difference from skeletal and cardiac?

A

Has thin, thick, but also has intermediate filaments consisting of: desmin (skeletin) and vimentin (found in vascular smooth muscles)

Another difference:
Thin filament is composed of: actin, tropomyosin, and CALMODULIN (not troponin; this is a Ca2+-binding protein involved in the contraction of non-muscle cells)

40
Q

Where do thin and intermediate filaments of smooth muscles insert? Types?
Function?

A

Dense bodies;

Types: Membrane-associated and Cytoplasmic

Help transmit contractile forces (unlike in cardiac, junctional complexes)

41
Q

Cardiac: Z disk/Junctional complexes: Smooth: ___.

A

Dense bodies

42
Q

What delivers calcium to the cytoplasm in smooth muscles?

A

Pinocytic vesicles that contain alpha actinin

43
Q

Types of smooth muscle

A
  1. Visceral
    - Intestines, uterus, ureters
    - syncytial
    - contains abundant gap junction and poor nerve supply
  2. Multiunit
    - iris and intrinsic muscles of the eye
    - specialized type of smooth muscle which can produce PRECISE and GRADED contraction
44
Q

Innervation of Smooth Muscle?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic of ANS

45
Q

Regenerative capacity of the different muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal: Limited regen, source: satellite cells (responsible for regen capacity of skeletal)

Smooth: Active regen, undergo mitosis

Cardiac: Virtually NO regen capacity beyond early childhood; so if you damage this, replaced by proliferative connective tissue, nagiging scar (myocardial scar)

46
Q

Anatomical Division of the Nervous System

A
  1. CNS
    - Brain + Spinal Cord
  2. PNS
    - Cranial, spinal, peripheral nerves
    - Ganglia
    - Specialized nerve endings (motor and sensory)
47
Q

Functional unit of nerve cells?

A

Neurons/Nerve cells

48
Q

Cells for supporting and protecting neurons and do not receive and transmit impulses?

A

Supporting/Glial Cells
CNS: Neuroglia or glia
PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells

49
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body/Perikaryon/Soma
  2. Dendrite
  3. Axon
50
Q

Cell body

  • Other terms
  • Shape?
A
  • Aka perikaryon or soma
  • In CNS: generally polygonal with concave surfaces but many cell processes

In DRG: round cell body from which only 1 process exits

51
Q

What is a NissL bodies?

A
  • Stacked RER cisternae + free ribosomes seen as clumps of basophilic material
  • site of protein synthesis
52
Q

Concentric layers of mixed lipids alternating with thin layers of the protein neurokeratin? This structure is produced by? Mechanism and function?

A

Myelin

  • Fat-like substance covering axons
  • associated only with axons
  • Produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann cells (PNS)

Mechanism

  1. Each myelin cell (Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte) concentrically wraps the axon; continuous wrapping action of myelin to ensheath each axon; can turn up to 50 turns;
  2. cytoplasm of each cell is pushed to the side/periphery (squeezed as it wraps the axon)
53
Q

Classification of neurons based on processes

A

> Bipolar

> Multipolar
E.g. spinal cord Pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, sympathetic ganglion

> Pseudounipolar
E.g. DRG

> Unipolar

54
Q

Point of contact between a neuron and another cell? Purpose?

A
  • Synapse
  • Site of transmission of nerve impulses
  • Allows neurons to communicate with each other or with effect cells (muscles & glands)
  • Could be axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic, etc.
55
Q

Classification of nerve endings

A
  1. Sensory receptors
    a. Free
    - (naked or non-encapsulated)
    b. Encapsulated
    c. Chemoreceptors
    d. Baroreceptors
    e. Receptors for special senses
    - Rods & cones - for vision
    - Organ of Corti - for hearing
  2. Efferent nerve endings
    a. Somatic: Motor end plate
    b. Visceral: In smooth & cardiac muscle, glands
56
Q

Encapsulated sensory receptors

A
  1. Vater Pacinian corpuscle - pressure
  2. Meissner’s corpuscle - touch
  3. Ruffini’s corpuscle - warmth
  4. Krause end bulb - cold
  5. Neuromuscular spindle and golgi tendon organ - proprioception
57
Q

Origin and principal functions of neuroglial cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocyte
    - myelin prod, elec. insulation
  2. Schwann
    - myelin prof, elec. insulation
  3. Astrocyte
    - structural support, repair processes, metabolic exchanges
  4. Ependymal
    - lining cavities of CNS
  5. Microglia
    - macrophagic activity

Origin:
Neural ectoderm: All but microglia (mesoderm)

Location:
CNS: all but Schwann (PNS)

58
Q

Classification of Astrocyte?

A

Protoplasmic
-less fibers, more defined branching

Fibrous
-more fluffy branching

59
Q

Nerve regeneration in CNS? PNS?

A

CNS

  1. Injured cells are phagocytosis by special microglia
  2. Space liberated by phagocytosis is occupied by proliferation of glial cells -> form cell mass (Glial scar)
  3. Glial cell mass hinders the process of repair thus damage to CNS may be permanent

PNS

  • Neuron attemps to repair the damage, regen process, and restore fxn.
  • Axon rxns are localized in 3 regions:
    1. Site of damage (local changes)
    2. Distal to the site of damage (anterograde changes)
    3. Proximal to the site of damage (retrograde changes)
  • may occur simultaneously, others weeks or months apart

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions