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Anatomija. Gremošanas sistēma > 4. kolokvijs > Flashcards

4. kolokvijs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

A

The primary function is related to the intake of nutrients necessary for the organism.

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2
Q

List the main parts of the large intestine (resnā zarna - intestinum crassum)

A
  • Caecum with appendix vermiformis (aklā zarna ar piedēkli)
  • Colon (lokzarna) has 4 parts: colon ascendens, colon transversum, colon descendens, colon sigmoideum)
  • Rectum (taisnā zarna)
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3
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A
  • Cavitas oris (mutes dobums)
  • Pharynx (rīkle)
  • Oesophagus (barības vads)
  • Gaster (kuņģis)
  • Intestinum tenue (tievā zarna)
  • Intestinum crassum (resnā zarna)
  • Glandulae salivariae (siekalu dziedzeri)
  • Hepar (aknas)
  • Pancreas (aizkuņģa dziedzeris)
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4
Q

What are the two parts of the oral cavity?

A
  • Vestibulum oris (priekštelpa)
  • Cavitas oris propria (īstenais mutes dobums)
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5
Q

Define ‘labia’ in the context of the oral cavity. Labia veido

A

orbicularis oris muskuļu šķiedras un mīmikas muskuļu - mutes atveres dilatatoru šķiedras.

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6
Q

What is the role of the m. buccinator?

A

It forms the base of the cheeks and is covered by the fascia buccopharyngea.

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7
Q

What are the three parts of a tooth?

A
  • Corona dentis (vainadziņš)
  • Cervix dentis (kakliņš)
  • Radix dentis (sakne)
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8
Q

What types of teeth do humans have?

A
  • Dentes decidui (deciduous teeth, 20)
  • Dentes permanentes (permanent teeth, 32)
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9
Q

What is the usual age for the eruption of the first deciduous teeth?

A

Around 6 months of age.

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10
Q

What comprises the structure of a tooth?

A
  • Dentin (dentinum)
  • Enamel (enamelum) covering the crown
  • Cementum (cementum) covering the root
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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Pallatum molle (mīkstās aukslējas) is also known as _______.

A

Velum palatinum

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12
Q

What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

A

Palatum (aukslējas), which consists of hard palate (palatum durum) and soft palate (palatum molle).

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13
Q

What is the function of the uvula (ūka)?

A

The uvula (uvula palatina) hangs down from the soft palate and plays a role in speech and swallowing.

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14
Q

True or False: The dental formula for permanent teeth includes molars (dzerokļi).

A

True

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15
Q

What is the structure that connects the tooth root to the alveolar wall?

A

Periodontium

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16
Q

List the types of teeth based on their function.

A
  • Incisors (priekšzobi)
  • Canines (acu)
  • Premolars (mazie dzerokļi)
  • Molars (lielie dzerokļi)
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17
Q

What is the typical dental formula for deciduous teeth?
Un pastāvīgajiem zobiem?

A

2 0 1 2 / 2 1 0 2
3 2 1 2 / 2 1 2 3

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18
Q

What is the term for the joint between a tooth and its socket?

A

Gomphosis (zoba ieķīlējums)

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19
Q

What are the two parts of the vestibule in the oral cavity?

A
  • Labia (lips)
  • Buccae (cheeks)
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20
Q

What is the role of salivary glands in the digestive system?

A

They produce saliva, which aids in digestion and oral hygiene.

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21
Q

What is the primary composition of the hard palate (cietās aukslējas)?

A

Bone (palatum osseum0 covered by mucous membrane (tunica mucosa).

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22
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the movement of the uvula?

A

M. uvulae

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23
Q

What is the basic structure of the oral cavity?

A

It consists of walls formed by processes of the maxilla and mandible (processus alveolaris maxillae et mandibulae, gingiva, and teeth.

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24
Q

What are the five pairs of soft palate muscles?

A
  • M. uvulae (ūkas muskulis)
  • M. levator veli palatini (aukslēju cēlējmuskulis)
  • M. tensor veli palatini (aukslēju stiepējmuskulis)
  • M. palatoglossus (aukslēju un mēles muskulis)
  • M. palatopharyngeus (aukslēju un rīkles muskulis)

These muscles play a role in swallowing and the separation of the nasal and oral cavities.

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25
Q

What is the function of the M. uvulae?

A

Lifts and tenses the uvula, widens the pharynx

Origin: palatum osseum, aponeurosis palatina.

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26
Q

What is the function of the M. levator veli palatini?

A

Lifts the soft palate during swallowing, widens the pharynx

Origin: basis cranii externa.

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27
Q

What is the function of the M. tensor veli palatini?

A

Tenses and lifts the soft palate, widens the pharynx and auditory tube

Origin: basis cranii externa.

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28
Q

What is the function of the M. palatoglossus?

A

Tenses the palatoglossal arch, narrows the pharynx

Origin: aponeurosis palatina.

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29
Q

What is the function of the M. palatopharyngeus?

A

Tenses the palatopharyngeal arch, narrows the pharynx

Origin: aponeurosis palatina.

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30
Q

What is the role of the soft palate muscles during swallowing?

A

They press the soft palate against the posterior and lateral walls of the pharynx, separating the nasal part of the pharynx from the rest

This prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.

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31
Q

What structures form the lower wall of the oral cavity?

A
  • m. mylohyoideus
  • venter anterior m. digastrici
  • m. geniohyoideus

The submandibular gland is located beneath these muscles.

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32
Q

What is the plica sublingualis?

A

A fold of mucosa formed over the sublingual gland

The anterior end features the caruncula sublingualis.

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33
Q

What are the three parts of the tongue?

A
  • apex linguae (tip)
  • corpus linguae (body)
  • radix linguae (root)

Each part has distinct anatomical features and functions.

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34
Q

What are the two surfaces of the tongue?

A
  • dorsum linguae (upper surface)
  • facies inferior linguae (undersurface)

The dorsum is convex while the inferior surface is flat.

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35
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

The groove that separates the body of the tongue from its root

It marks the boundary between different types of lingual tissues.

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36
Q

What are the four types of lingual papillae?

A
  • Papillae filiformes (thread-like)
  • Papillae fungiformes (mushroom-shaped)
  • Papillae foliatae (leaf-like)
  • Papillae vallatae (vallate or circumvallate)

Each type has different sensory functions related to taste.

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37
Q

What is the function of the tonsilla lingualis?

A

Contains lymphoid tissue and plays a role in immune response

Located at the root of the tongue.

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38
Q

What is the structure that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Frenulum linguae

This structure helps to limit the movement of the tongue.

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39
Q

What is the isthmus faucium?

A

The opening that connects the oral cavity with the pharynx

Bounded superiorly by the soft palate and laterally by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.

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40
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A
  • Glandula parotidea (parotid gland)
  • Glandula submandibularis (submandibular gland)
  • Glandula sublingualis (sublingual gland)

These glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity.

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41
Q

What is the location of the glandula submandibularis?

A

Located beneath the muscles of the lower jaw

Its duct opens at the caruncula sublingualis.

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42
Q

What is the function of saliva in the oral cavity?

A

Moistens food, aids in digestion, and forms a food bolus

This is essential for swallowing.

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43
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Pars nasalis pharyngis (nasopharynx)
  • Pars oralis pharyngis (oropharynx)
  • Pars laryngea pharyngis (laryngopharynx)

Each part has distinct roles in the respiratory and digestive systems.

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44
Q

What is the location of the nasopharynx?

A

Located behind the nasal cavity, extending from the base of the skull to the soft palate

It contains the pharyngeal tonsil.

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45
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Aiz deguna dobuma 1. un 2. kakla skriemeļa līmenī

No galvaskausa pamatnes līdz velum palatinum brīvai malai.

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46
Q

What is the fornix pharyngis?

A

Rīkles velve, kur atrodas tonsilla pharyngealis

Rīkles mandele jeb aizdegunes mandele jeb adenoīdi.

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47
Q

What connects the pharynx to the nasal cavity?

A

Choanae

Deguna dobuma atveres.

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48
Q

What is the ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae?

A

Rīkles atvere dzirdes caurulei

Atrodas laterālajā sienā.

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49
Q

What role does the tuba auditiva play?

A

Atveras bungdobumā, izlīdzina atmosfēras spiedienu

Pa to gaiss nokļūst vidusausī.

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50
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Pars nasalis
  • Pars oralis
  • Pars laryngea

Rīkles balsenes daļa.

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51
Q

Where is the pars oralis pharyngis located?

A

Aiz mutes dobuma 3. un 4. kakla skriemeļa līmenī

Stiepjas no velum palatinum brīvās malas līdz epiglottis augšējai malai.

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52
Q

What is the isthmus faucium?

A

Atvere, kas savieno rīkli ar mutes dobumu

Atrodas pars oralis pharyngis.

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53
Q

What are the four layers of the pharyngeal wall?

A
  • Tunica mucosa
  • Tela submucosa
  • Tunica muscularis
  • Tunica adventitia

Šie apvalki veido rīkles sienu.

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54
Q

What type of muscle is found in the tunica muscularis of the pharynx?

A

Šķērsvirsota muskulatūra

Iedala mm. constrictores un mm. levatores.

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55
Q

What is the function of mm. constrictores pharyngis?

A

Sašaurina rīkli un virza barības kumosu uz barības vadu

Trīs muskuļu grupas: superior, medius, inferior.

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56
Q

What is the role of the tunica adventitia?

A

Saista rīkli ar apkārtējiem orgāniem

Saistaudu apvalks.

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57
Q

What is the anulus lymphoideus pharyngis?

A

Limfoīdo audu sakopojums, mandeļu gredzens

Veido 6 mandeles.

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58
Q

What are the three topographical divisions of the esophagus?

A
  • Pars cervicalis
  • Pars thoracica
  • Pars abdominalis

Esophagus ir 2530 cm garš caurulveida orgāns.

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59
Q

What are the five constrictions of the esophagus?

A
  • Augšējais
  • Vidējais
  • Apakšējais (anatomiskie)
  • Dziļākie
  • Pie ostium cardiacum (fizioloģiskie)

Anatomiskie sašaurinājumi konstatējami kā dzīviem, tā mirušiem cilvēkiem.

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60
Q

What is the tunica mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Veido gareniskas krokas

Glotādā ir izkaisīti limfātiskie mezgliņi.

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61
Q

What is the structure of the tunica muscularis in the esophagus?

A

Divos slāņos: cirkulārais un garenisks

Muskulatūra mainās no šķērsvirsotām uz gludām.

62
Q

What is the role of the tunica adventitia in the esophagus?

A

Saistaudu apvalks, kas klāj muskuļus no ārpuses

Tunica serosa sedz vēdera daļu no visām pusēm.

63
Q

What is the significance of the esophagus’s topography?

A

Holotopia: regio colli, cavitas thoracis, cavitas abdominis

Sceletotopia: no 6. vai 7. kakla skriemeļa līdz 11. krūšu skriemeļa līmenim.

64
Q

What are the three regions of the abdominal cavity?

A
  1. Augšējais apvidus
  2. Vidējais apvidus
  3. Apakšējais apvidus

The regions are defined by horizontal lines in the abdominal cavity.

65
Q

What is the upper horizontal line in the abdominal cavity defined by?

A

Savieno 10. ribu zemākos punktus un projicējas 3. jostas skriemeļa (L3) augšmalas līmenī.

66
Q

What is the lower horizontal line in the abdominal cavity defined by?

A

Savieno abas spina iliaca anterior superior un projicējas 2. krustu skriemeļa (S2) līmenī.

67
Q

What divides each of the three abdominal regions into three parts?

A

Divas vertikālas līnijas gar m. rectus abdominis laterālo malu.

68
Q

What is the central part of the upper region called?

A

Pakrūti - regio epigastrica.

69
Q

What are the lateral parts of the upper region called?

A

Regio hypochondriaca dextra et sinistra.

70
Q

What is located in the middle part of the middle region?

A

Nabas apvidus - regio umbilicalis.

71
Q

What are the lateral parts of the middle region called?

A

Regio lateralis dextra et sinistra.

72
Q

What is the central part of the lower region called?

A

Pavēdere - regio pubica (hypogastrium).

73
Q

What are the lateral parts of the lower region called?

A

Regio inguinalis dextra et sinistra.

74
Q

What is the function of the kunģis (stomach)?

A

Gremošanas sistēmas paplašinātā daļa, kas ir barības rezervuārs un kur notiek vielu šķelšana un uzsūkšana.

75
Q

What are the two openings of the kunģis?

A
  1. Ostium cardiacum
  2. Ostium pyloricum.
76
Q

What are the two types of curvatures of the kunģis?

A
  1. Curvatura minor
  2. Curvatura major.
77
Q

List the parts of the kunģis.

A
  1. Pars cardiaca
  2. Fundus gastricus
  3. Corpus gastricum
  4. Pars pylorica.
78
Q

What are the two parts of the pars pylorica?

A
  1. Antrum pyloricum
  2. Canalis pyloricus.
79
Q

What are the four layers of the kunģis wall?

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
  2. Tela submucosa
  3. Tunica muscularis
  4. Tunica serosa.
80
Q

What are the folds in the tunica mucosa called?

A

Plicae gastricae.

81
Q

What is the function of the folds in the tunica mucosa?

A

Palīdz noslēgt izeju no kunģa.

82
Q

What is the topographical location of the kunģis?

A

3⁄4 kunģa atrodas regio hypochondriaca sinistra, 1⁄4 novietojas regio epigastrica.

83
Q

What is the total length of the tievā zarna (small intestine)?

84
Q

What are the three parts of the tievā zarna?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum.
85
Q

What shape does the duodenum have?

A

Pakava forma.

86
Q

How many parts does the duodenum have?

A

4 daļas.

87
Q

What are the topographical regions of the duodenum?

A
  1. Regio epigastrica
  2. Regio umbilicalis.
88
Q

What is the location of the ostium ileale?

A

Fossa iliaca dextra.

89
Q

What are the parts of the resnā zarna (large intestine)?

A
  1. Caecum et appendix vermiformis
  2. Colon (4 daļas):
    • Colon ascendens
    • Colon transversum
    • Colon descendens
    • Colon sigmoideum.
90
Q

What is the Latvian term for the large intestine?

A

Resnā zarna

The large intestine is a crucial part of the digestive system.

91
Q

What are the main parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Caecum and appendix vermiformis
  • Colon (4 parts)
  • Rectum

The colon consists of four sections: colon ascendens, colon transversum, colon descendens, and colon sigmoideum.

92
Q

What is the function of the tunica mucosa in the intestines?

A

Forms circular folds called plicae circulares

The tunica mucosa increases the surface area for absorption.

93
Q

What are the four parts of the colon?

A
  • Colon ascendens
  • Colon transversum
  • Colon descendens
  • Colon sigmoideum

Each part has distinct anatomical features and functions.

94
Q

What is the length of the rectum?

A

Approximately 15 cm

The rectum is the final segment of the large intestine.

95
Q

Fill in the blank: The caecum is approximately _______ cm long.

96
Q

What is the primary role of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water and salts, forms feces

The large intestine does not absorb nutrients but plays a critical role in the final stages of digestion.

97
Q

True or False: The appendix vermiformis is always located in the same position.

A

False

The position of the appendix can vary significantly among individuals.

98
Q

What is the significance of the taeniae in the large intestine?

A

They are longitudinal muscle strips that help form haustrae coli

The taeniae are essential in maintaining the shape and function of the colon.

99
Q

What is the structure that connects the intestines to the abdominal wall?

A

Mesenterium

The mesenterium supports the jejunum and ileum in the abdominal cavity.

100
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica muscularis?

A
  • Stratum circulare (inner)
  • Stratum longitudinale (outer)

These muscle layers facilitate peristalsis and movement of contents through the intestines.

101
Q

What is the function of the glandulae intestinales?

A

Secrete intestinal juice

These glands are integral for digestion within the intestines.

102
Q

Fill in the blank: The ampulla recti is the _______ part of the rectum.

103
Q

What is the role of the plica longitudinalis duodeni?

A

Forms the ductus choledochus

This fold is important for bile and pancreatic juice secretion into the duodenum.

104
Q

What type of tissue forms the tunica serosa?

A

Peritoneum

The tunica serosa is the outermost layer covering the intestines.

105
Q

What anatomical feature marks the end of the anal canal?

A

Anus

The anal canal is about 2.5 cm long and terminates at the anal opening.

106
Q

What are the characteristics of the rectum’s topography?

A
  • Upper border at S2 level
  • Lower border at os coccygis level

The rectum’s position is crucial for understanding its relation to surrounding structures.

107
Q

Fill in the blank: The large intestine’s walls consist of _______ layers.

108
Q

What is the significance of the noduli lymphoidei in the intestines?

A

Help in immune response

These lymphoid nodules are important for gut immunity.

109
Q

What is the approximate length of the colon sigmoideum?

A

15-80 cm

The length varies significantly among individuals.

110
Q

What is the tunica serosa?

A

A layer that covers certain parts of the intestines and organs, providing a protective coating.

It is also known as the serous membrane.

111
Q

Which part of the intestine is covered by tunica serosa on all sides?

A

Caecum and appendix vermiformis.

Both are intraperitoneal structures.

112
Q

What type of covering does the colon ascendens have?

A

Mesoperitoneal with tunica adventitia on the posterior surface.

This means it is partially covered by peritoneum.

113
Q

How is the rectum covered by tunica serosa?

A

The upper third is intraperitoneal, the middle third is mesoperitoneal, and the lower third is covered by tunica adventitia.

The tunica serosa does not cover the lower third.

114
Q

What is the primary function of the liver?

A

Production of bile and synthesis of proteins and fats.

The liver is the largest organ in the digestive system, weighing about 1.5 kg.

115
Q

List the key functions of the liver.

A
  • Produces bile
  • Synthesizes usable proteins and fats
  • Converts carbohydrates to glycogen
  • Synthesizes urea
  • Neutralizes metabolic products
  • Functions as a blood reservoir
  • Produces red blood cells during embryonic development
  • Performs phagocytic functions.

These functions are vital for metabolism and detoxification.

116
Q

What are the two surfaces of the liver called?

A

Facies diaphragmatica and facies visceralis.

The diaphragmatic surface faces the diaphragm, while the visceral surface contacts other organs.

117
Q

What separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Lig. falciforme hepatis.

This ligament runs from the diaphragm to the liver.

118
Q

What is the function of the porta hepatis?

A

It is the entry point for the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and the exit for the common hepatic duct.

It serves as a gateway for blood and bile.

119
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

In the anterior part of the right sagittal fissure of the liver.

It has a capacity of 40 to 60 cm³.

120
Q

What are the three parts of the gallbladder?

A
  • Fundus (wide part)
  • Corpus (middle part)
  • Collum (narrow part)

These parts help in the storage and concentration of bile.

121
Q

What is the ductus choledochus?

A

The common bile duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct.

It is approximately 7 cm long.

122
Q

What regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

M. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae (sphincter Oddi).

This sphincter controls the release of digestive fluids.

123
Q

What are the three layers of the gallbladder wall?

A
  • Tunica mucosa
  • Tunica muscularis
  • Tunica adventitia or tunica serosa

These layers help in the functioning of the gallbladder.

124
Q

What is the pancreas classified as?

A

An exocrine and endocrine gland.

It produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.

125
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct lead?

A

It runs the length of the pancreas and merges with the ductus choledochus.

This connection forms the ampulla hepatopancreatica.

126
Q

What is the approximate weight of the pancreas?

A

60-100 grams.

Its dimensions are about 14-18 cm in length.

127
Q

What is the shape of the pancreas?

A

It has a triangular shape with three surfaces and three edges.

The head is flat, while the body and tail are more angular.

128
Q

What is the anatomical position of the pancreas?

A

It is located retroperitoneally along the posterior abdominal wall.

It lies behind the stomach.

129
Q

What is the anatomical position of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas is located in the regio epigastrica and regio hypochondriaca sinistra

130
Q

Where does the head of the pancreas lie in relation to the lumbar vertebrae?

A

The head of the pancreas is at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)

131
Q

At what lumbar vertebra level does the body of the pancreas cross the spine?

A

The body of the pancreas crosses at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1)

132
Q

Where does the tail of the pancreas end?

A

The tail of the pancreas ends at the level of the 10th rib

133
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

The spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system that also removes old erythrocytes

134
Q

What is the weight range of the spleen?

A

The spleen weighs between 140 - 200 grams

135
Q

What are the dimensions of the spleen?

A

Length: 12-14 cm, Width: 8-10 cm, Thickness: 3-4 cm

136
Q

What are the two surfaces of the spleen?

A
  • facies diaphragmatica
  • facies visceralis
137
Q

What is the hilum splenicum?

A

The hilum splenicum is the area on the visceral surface of the spleen where blood vessels and nerves enter

138
Q

What surrounds the spleen?

A

The spleen is surrounded by a fibrous capsule (capsula fibrosa) and serous tunic (tunica serosa)

139
Q

What ligaments connect the spleen to surrounding organs?

A
  • lig. gastrosplenicum
  • lig. phrenicosplenicum
  • lig. phrenicocolicum
140
Q

What is the structure of the peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum is a serous membrane with two layers: parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

141
Q

What are the three types of organs classified by their relationship to the peritoneum?

A
  • Intraperitoneal organs
  • Mesoperitoneal organs
  • Retroperitoneal organs
142
Q

Fill in the blank: The space between the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum is known as _______.

A

cavitas peritonealis

143
Q

What is unique about the peritoneal cavity in males?

A

In males, the cavity contains only serous fluid and is closed off from the external environment

144
Q

What structures are found in the peritoneal cavity of females?

A

The cavity contains serous fluid and ovaries, connecting to the external environment through reproductive pathways

145
Q

What is the bursa omentalis?

A

The bursa omentalis is a sac-like space behind the stomach with a single opening (foramen omentale)

146
Q

What connects the bursa omentalis to the rest of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The foramen omentale (Winslowi) connects the bursa omentalis with the rest of the peritoneal cavity

147
Q

Lūpu gļotādā atrodas

A

mazie siekalu dziedzeri glandulae labiales

148
Q

Vaigu gļotādā atrodas

A

mazie siekalu dziedzeri - glandulae buccales

149
Q

Gingiva smaganas ir

A

gļotāda, kas klāj processus alveolaris maxillae et mandibulae. cieši saaugušas ar alveolāro izaugumu periostu, kā arī ar cervix dentis.
blīvas, biezas, tajās nav dziedzeru.

150
Q

Zobu formula katrā pusē

A

2 priekšzobi
1 acu
2 mazie dzerokļi
3 lielie dzerokļi

151
Q

Piena zobu formulā nav

A

mazo dzerokļu

Anatomija. Gremošanas sistēma (2 decks)

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