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Kremkau Textbook SPI Review > 4. Instruments > Flashcards

4. Instruments Flashcards

1
Q

The ultrasound PRF is equal to the voltage _____ repetition frequency of the pulser.

a. amplitude
b. pulse
c. period
d. duration

A

b. pulse

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2
Q

Increased voltage amplitude produced by the pulser increases the _____ and _______ of ultrasound pulses produced by the transducer.

a. amplitude, intensity
b. amplitude, frequency
c. frequency, period
d. frequency, intensity

A

a. amplitude, intensity

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3
Q

If a 6 MHz transducer images to a depth of 10 cm, to avoid range ambiguity, the max PRF permitted is _____.

a. 7.7 kHz
b. 6.0 kHz
c. 10.0 kHz
d. 1.54 MHz

A

a. 7.7 kHz ( a min echo reception time of 130 us is required)

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4
Q

Functions performed by the signal processor include ______, ______ and ______.

a. amplification, digitizing, filtering
b. amplification, filtering, digital-to-analog conversion
c. amplification, filtering, compression
d. filtering, detection, compression

A

d. filtering, detection, compression

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5
Q

If the input voltage to an amplifier is 1 mV and the output voltage is 10 mV, the voltage amplification ratio is ______. The power ratio is _____. The gain is ____ dB.

a. 10, 20, 30
b. 10, 100, 100
c. 10, 100, 20
d. 10, 10, 10

A

c. 10, 100, 20

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6
Q

Time gain compensation is accomplished in the _______.

a. pulse
b. beamformer
c. signal processor
d. postprocessor
e. image processor

A

b. beamformer

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7
Q

Compensation takes into account reflector _______.

a. impedance
b. size
c. amplitude
d. depth

A

d. depth

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8
Q

Compensation amplifies echoes differently, according to their arrival _______.

a. times
b. positions
c. directions
d. strengths

A

a. times

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9
Q

Compression decreases the ______ range to a range that the ____ and human _______ can handle.

a. frequency, instrument, intelligence
b. dynamic, display, vision
c. amplitude, display, hearing
d. dynamic, pulser, vision

A

b. dynamic, display, vision

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10
Q

If a display has a dynamic range of 20 dB and the smallest voltage it can handle is 200 mV, then the largest voltage it can handle is __ V

a. 20
b. 2.0
c. 0.2
d. 0.02

A

b. 2.0

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11
Q

Detection converts voltage pulses from _____ form to ______ form.

a. ultrasound, infrasound
b. infrasound, ultrasound
c. radio frequency, amplitude
d. ultrasound, radio frequency

A

c. radio frequency, amplitude

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12
Q

Filtering widens bandwidth. T or F?

A

False

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13
Q

Filtering is accomplished in the ________.

a. pulser
b. beamformer
c. signal processor
d. postprocessor
e. image processor

A

c. signal processor

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14
Q

The compression or dynamic range control reduces the range of echo amplitudes displayed by reducing the weakest to ________ and/or the strongest ones to the ______ value and assigning the others to increasing values. This produces a(n) _______ contrast image with elimination of weakest and maximizing of strongest echoes.

a. minimum, maximum, higher
b. zero, 100, zero
c. zero, maximum, higher
d. 10, 100, optimum

A

c. zero, maximum, higher

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15
Q

If the beam-former output to the transducer is reduced by 3, 6, or 9 dB, the ultrasound pulse output intensity is reduced by __%, __%, or __%, respectively.

a. 50, 75, 87.5
b. 50, 25, 12.5
c. 6, 12, 18
d, 33, 66, 99

A

a. 50, 75, 87.5

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16
Q

One watt is ___ dB below 100 W.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 10
d. 20

A

d. 20

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17
Q

One watt is __ dB above 100 mW.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 10
d. 20

A

c. 10

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18
Q

If the input power is 1 mW and the output is 10,000 mW, the gain is ___ dB.

a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40

A

d. 40

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19
Q

If an amplifier has a gain of 15 dB, the ratio of output power to input power is _____.

a. 15
b. 22
c. 30
d. 32

A

d. 32

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20
Q

The contrast resolution for an instrument that has an echo dynamic range of 43 dB and 32 shades is ___ dB per shade.

a. 1.3
b. 3.2
c. 4.3
d. 32
e. 43

A

a. 1.3

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21
Q

The contrast resolution for an instrument that has a 6 bit memory and a 45 dB echo dynamic range is ___ dB per shade.

a. 0.3
b. 0.5
c. 0.7
d. 0.9
e. 6

A

c. 0.7

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22
Q

Typical image pixel dimensions are _______.

a. 640 x 128
b. 16 x 64
c. 100 x 100
d. 512 x 1540
e. 512 x 384

A

e. 512 x 384

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23
Q

___ total memory elements are required for a 100 x 100 pixel, 5 bit digital memory.

a. 500
b. 1000
c. 5000
d. 10,000
e. 50,000

A

e. 50,000

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24
Q

Memories of ____ bits per pixel are common in ultrasound today.

a. 4 to 8
b. 4 to 6
c. 6 to 8
d. 5 to 7
e. 4 to 5

A

c. 6 to 8

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25
Q

Digital memories store _______.

a. logarithms
b. electric magnetism
c. electric current
d. electric charge
e. numbers

A

e. numbers

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26
Q

_______ is commonly controllable by the operator.

a. postprocessing
b. pixel matrix
c. bits per pixel
d. digitization
e. all of the above

A

a. postprocessing

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27
Q

In binary numbers, how many symbols are used?

a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4

A

c. 2 (0 and 1)

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28
Q

The term binary digit is commonly shortened into the single word ____.

a. bigit
b. binit
c. bidig
d. bit

A

d. bit

29
Q

Each binary digit in a binary number is represented in the memory by a memory element, which, at any time, is in one of ______ states that are _____ or _______.

a. 2, on, off
b. many, odd, even
c. 4, high, low
d. 10, odd, even

A

a. 2, on, off

30
Q

What decimal number does the binary number 11001 represent?

a. 15
b. 20
c. 25
d. 35

A

c. 25

31
Q

A B scan presents a cross section through the _____ plane.

a. longitudinal
b. transverse
c. elevational
d. scan

A

d. scan

32
Q

A display that shows various echo strengths as different brightnesses is called a _____-_______ or ____ _____ display.

a. gray-scale, B mode
b. cross-sectional, anatomic mode
c. sono-scan, sectional mode
d. gray-mode, square pixel

A

a. gray-scale, B mode

33
Q

The ________ _______ stores the gray-scale image and allows it to be displayed on a computer monitor.

a. signal processor
b. preprocessor
c. postprocessor
d. image memory

A

d. image memory

34
Q

If the PRF of an instrument is 1 kHz and it displays (single focus) 25 frames per second, there are __ lines per frame.

a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 100

A

b. 40

35
Q

The PRF is __ Hz if 30 frames (40 lines each) are displayed per second (single focus).

a. 600
b. 1200
c. 30
d. 40

A

b. 1200

36
Q

Imaging involving 10-cm penetration, a single focus, 100 scan lines per frame, and 30 frames per second can be accomplished without range ambiguity. T or F?

A

True (10 x 1 x 100 x 30 = 30,000 <77,000)

37
Q

The maximum frame rate permitted for 15 cm penetration, 3 foci, and 200 scan lines per frame is ______.

a. 3.0
b. 5.5
c. 8.5
d. 15
e. 30

A

c. 8.5

38
Q

A _______ formats scan line data to image form.

a. beam former
b. scan convertor
c. signal processor
d. image formatter

A

b. scan convertor

39
Q

Which of the following is not performed by a signal processor?

a. detection
b. filtering
c. digital-to-analog conversion
d. radio frequency-to-amplitude conversion
e. compression

A

c. digital-to-analog conversion

40
Q

In a digital memory, echo intensity is represented by _______.

a. positive charge distribution
b. a number stored in the memory
c. electron density of the display writing beam
d. a and c
e. all of the above

A

b. a number stored in the memory

41
Q

If there were no attenuation in tissue, ______ would not be needed.

a. filtering
b. compression
c. detection
d. TGC

A

d. TGC

42
Q

Echo imaging include ultrasound generation, propagation and reflection in tissues, and reception of returning _____.

a. echoes
b. impedances
c. propagations
d. transmissions

A

a. echoes

43
Q

The diagnostic ultrasound systems in common clinical use today are the _______-_____ type.

a. transmit-receive
b. pulse-echo
c. through-transmission
d. A-mode

A

b. pulse-echo

44
Q

Gray-scale instruments show echo amplitude as ______ on the display.

a. numbers
b. color
c. spikes
d. brightness

A

d. brightness

45
Q

Pulse-echo instruments look for three things: the ______, ______ and arrival _____ of echoes returning from the tissues.

a. amplitude, frequency, location
b. strength, direction, time
c. focus, delay, direction
d. frequency, duration, delay

A

b. strength, direction, time

46
Q

An image memory stores image information in the form of ____ numbers.

a. electric charge
b. binary
c. decimal
d. impedance
e. none of the above

A

b. binary

47
Q

Imaging systems produce a visual _____ from the electric _____ received from the transducer.

a. display, voltages
b. map, numbers
c. presentation, amplifiers
d. display, numbers

A

a. display, voltages

48
Q

The transducer is connected to the signal processor through the ____ _____.

a. pulser delay
b. image processor
c. scan convertor
d. beam former

A

d. beam former

49
Q

The ______ receives digitized echo voltages from the beam former.

a. signal processor
b. image processor
c. scan convertor
d. beam former

A

a. signal processor

50
Q

Increasing gain generally produces the same effect as ______.

a. decreasing attenuation
b. increasing attenuation
c. increasing compression
d. increasing rectification
e. b and c

A

a. decreasing attenuation

51
Q

The ADC is part of the ________.

a. beam former
b. signal processor
c. image processor
d. display
e. a and b
f. c and e

A

a. beam former

52
Q

Voltage pulses from the pulser are applied through delays to the _____.

a. digitizer
b. transducer
c. ADCs
d. preprocessor

A

b. transducer

53
Q

Detection is a function of the _______.

a. beam former
b. signal processor
c. image processor
d. display
e. a and b

A

b. signal processor

54
Q

If gain is reduced by one half, with input power unchanged, the output power is _____ what it was before.

a. equal to
b. twice
c. one-half
d. none of the above

A

c. one-half

55
Q

If gain is 30 dB and output power is reduced by one-half, the new gain is ___ dB.

a. 15
b. 60
c. 33
d. 27
e. none of the above

A

d. 27

56
Q

If four shades of gray are shown on a display, each twice the brightness of the preceding one, the brightest shade is _____ times the brightness of the dimmest shade.

a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
e. 32

A

c. 8

57
Q

In which units are gain and attenuation usually expressed?

a. dB
b. dB/cm
c. cm
d. cm/3 dB
e. none of the above

A

a. dB

58
Q

Time gain compensation makes up for the face that reflections from deeper reflectors arrive at the transducer with greater amplitude. T or F?

A

False

59
Q

A real-time B mode display may be produced by rapid ______ scanning of a transducer array.

a. electronic
b. manual
c. visual
d. reverse

A

a. electronic

60
Q

Each complete scan of the sound beam produces an image on the display that is called a ______.

a. picture
b. frame
c. window
d. movie

A

b. frame

61
Q

For a single focus, the number of lines in each frame is equal to the number of times the transducer is ______ while the frame is produced; that is, while the sound beam is scanned.

a. quiet
b. focused
c. pulsed
d. delayed

A

c. pulsed

62
Q

In real time scanning, the required PRF depends on the number of _______ per frame and ______ rate.

a. lines, frame
b. scans, scan
c. echoes, pulsing
d. focuses, propagation

A

a. lines, frame

63
Q

Increasing the number of foci reduces ____ ______.

a. detail resolution
b. contrast resolution
c. pulse repetition
d. frame rate

A

d. frame rate

64
Q

To correct for attenuation, TGC must _____ the gain for increasing depth.

a. increase
b. decrease
c. correct
d. decelerate

A

a. increase

65
Q

If a higher frequency is used, resolution is ____, imaging depth _______, and the TGC slope must be _____.

a. improved, decreases, increased
b. degraded, increases, decreased
c. unchanged, increases, eliminated
d. improved, increased, increased

A

a. improved, decreases, increased

66
Q

For pixel dimensions 256 x 512 and 512 x 512, calculate the number of image pixels.

a. 131,072; 262,144
b. 262,144; 524,288
c. 131,072; 524,288
d. 524,288; 262,144

A

a. 131,072; 262,144

67
Q

In elastography, the display presents qualitative or quantitative information on:

a. stress
b. stiffness
c. strain rate
d. stress rate

A

b. stiffness

68
Q

Compression is a function of the _____.

a. beam former
b. signal processor
c. image processor
d. postprocessor

A

b. signal processor

Kremkau Textbook SPI Review (9 decks)

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