4. Hydro

Question 1

Define Water Cycle (Main Stages).

Answer 1

1. Vapour Formation
2. Transportation
3. Precipitation
4. Return to Oceans

Question 2

Draw and Explain Dam

Answer 2

Standard.

Question 3

How are HE plants categorized?

Answer 3

1. Low Head (h<30m)
2. Medium Head (30m300m)
3. Large (x>10MW)
4. Small (x<10MW)
5. Mini (x<1MW)
6. Micro (x>100kW)

Question 4

Derive Power Equation.

Answer 4

Check notes.

Question 5

Name and Sketch the 4 standard Water Wheels

Answer 5

1. Undershot
2. Breastshot
3. Overshot
4. Pitchback

Question 6

Define 2 types of turbine.

Answer 6

1. Reaction: Operates submerged in water and uses pressure drop to extract energy.
2. Impulse: Spins freely due to momentum of water striking the turbine blades.

Question 7

How does pumped storage work?

Answer 7

Water stored at high reservoir and discharged to low basin at peak demand.
At low demand, water from basin is pumped back up tp high reservoir for later use.

Question 8

Outline main issues of hydro power.

Answer 8

1. Dam Failure
2. Location
3. Blackouts
4. Community Re-location
5. Environmental Effects
6. GHG

Question 9

Outline main positives of hydro power.

Answer 9

1. Economical
2. New Opportunities
3. Long Lifetime
4. Reduced FF Dependence

Question 10

Name and Outline 5 major turbines..

Answer 10

1. Francis. Reaction. Low Speed, High Head.
2. Kaplan. Reaction. High Speed, Low Head.
3. Pelton. Impulse. Low Speed, High Head.
4. Turgo. Impulse. Low Speed, Mid Head.
5. Crossflow. Impulse. Low Speed, High Head.