4 - Hemodynamics Flashcards
What is hemodynamics?
Hemodynamics is the dynamics of blood flow
What is blood pressure? Why does this exist?
BP is the pressure (applied) on the arterial walls
This is due to the blood circulating around the body which puts pressure on the walls of the vessels (esp arteries)
How is BP measured?
- Instrument: Sphygmomanometer
- 2 values measured:
A. Systolic BP
- pressure when the <3/LV is contracting and pumping blood into the BVs
-peak of contraction of LV
B. Diastolic BP
-pressure on the BVs when the heart relaxes/not contracting/at rest
T or F. The diastolic P is 0 usually.
No! Need pressure higher than 0 that may be lower initially systolic P but enough to continue flow of blood in the system. This is due to blood vessels, NOT THE HEART.
Physical factors affecting blood flow
- <3
- BVs
- Blood
Inotropy vs. Chronotropy vs. Dromotropy
Inotropy - contractility
Chronotropy - HR
Dromotropy - Conduction
What makes the blood flow/determines the rate of blood flow (vol of blood moving per unit of time)?
Pressure gradient!!!
What generates the pressure that drives the flow of blood through the vasculature? How?
HEART
-by creating a pressure diff between the arteries and veins
Pressure generated during systole and diastole in aorta vs LV?
LV creates 120/0 when it contracts but aorta maintains /80 so that blood would still flow when at rest
What is cardiac output? Factors
> CO is the volume of blood delivered to the body in a minute that is constantly exerting pressure on the BV walls
CO = HR x SV
What is stroke volume?
Stroke volume is the amount of blood that your LV can pump in 1 beat/cycle
What generates the systolic pressure? Diastolic pressure?
Systolic pressure - generated by <3
Diastolic pressure - generated by BVs (e.g. recoil)
T or F. All arteries are for resistance.
F!
Aorta and large arteries are for distribution
Small arteries - distribution and resistance
Arterioles - resistance
Laplace’s Law
T = P x r
Implies that large arteries
must have thicker walls than
small arteries in order to
withstand the level of tension.
…
,,,
What is Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)?
Combined resistances of all the blood vessels in your systemic circuit
Most important factor/s in determining resistance? This is controlled by?
- Main: Vessel radius
(Arteriolar radius) - main
-controlled by:
a. Local control: myogenic responses to stretch, temperature, histamine release
B. Extrinsic control: vasopressin, angiotensin, epinephrine
- Other factor determining resistance: Blood viscosity
- Number of RBCs
Relationship of 1-3 to resistance
- Blood viscosity
- Vessel length
- Vessel radius
1 & 2 directly proportional
3 indirectly proportional
What happens to the resistance to flow when a patient…
(1) has high Hematocrit
(2) dehydrated
(3) has COPD
1 & 2: more viscous = more resistant
3: higher RBC count due to poor oxygenation; more viscous = more resistant
What is shear thinning?
A condition wherein an inc in blood flow velocity causes a dec in viscosity
Blood without movement (when you stop heart and allow blood to stay there) will exert a pressure in your walls (mean capillary filling pressure) which is about __. Until when will this happen?
~7 mmHg; until it clots
Factors affecting resistance
R = 8Ln/ pi r^4
Poiseuille’s Law
- Formula
- Assumptions
Q = Pgrad/R
-cannot answer all questions because he was talking about Newtonian Fluid here
Assumptions
- BVs are long, straight, and rigid
- Blood viscosity is constant and independent of flow
- Blood is flowing under steady laminar conditions
T or F. Blood vessels are rigid.
False! They’re distensible not rigid.
What is the mean arterial pressure?
Average arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
When taking the arterial BP
- What are you listening to using your stethoscope?
- What happens when you inflate the cuff?
- When you don’t hear a sound anymore
- Should be in the arm. Why?
- Degree of turbulence
- Occluding the artery
- You’ve fully opened the artery
- Large arteries
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height
MAP = increases
Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP
*ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
Effect of cataract on BP?
not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR
Cataract -> Increase BP
Function of
Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery
Resistance - small a and arteriole
Exchange - Cap
Capacitance - V’s
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
What is compliance?
Which of the ff have more compliant vessels?
A. Old people
B. Artery or vein
C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure
C = deltaV/delta P
A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen
B. Vein > Artery
C. Aorta
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff:
- Vessel diameter
- Total xs area of vessels
- Average BP
- Velocity of blood flow
- Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae
- Total xs area: Highest in capillaries
- Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae
- Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
-average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle
~85-90 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
-pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium
~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle:
Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg
Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg
No!! That’s too high.
Relate:
Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional
Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin
-> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla
Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good
When it is hot = rosy cheeks
Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss
Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood?
Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional.
Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue.
More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure!
Flow = P/R
Higher resistance = dec flow
Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure
Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance.
Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn)
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained.
Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery.
THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
How to calculate for:
Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up
Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart)
Diastolic: TPR (Vessels)
When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY
Parasympathetic: HR only
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels
Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
- Cardiac Output
2. TPR
Exact specific time of occurrence of
A. Systole
B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV
B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic)
Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
- Arterial Blood Volume
2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number
- Ratio of inertial to viscous forces
- Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity
- Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis.
Lower FSS = atheroprotective
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease
More viscous = less turbulence
