4. Health Promotion for the School-Age Child Flashcards
Growth & Development of the School-Age Child
* Physical growth and development
* Motor development
* Cognitive development
* Sensory development
* Language development
* Psychosocial development
* Spiritual and moral development
Physical Growth & Development
> Middle childhood ages 6-11 or 12 years
> Slow and steady physical growth
> Rapid cognitive and social development
> Growth rates vary among children (girls grow faster than boys)
* Early school-age period boys tend to be taller and heavier than girls (around 1 in taller and 2 lbs heavier)
* By the age of 12 girls usually catch up and are about 1 in taller and 2 lbs heavier than boys of the same age
* Growth spurt usually occurs first in girls between the ages of 12-14 - onset of puberty and 2 years later in boys
> Average weight gain 2.5 kg (5 1/2 lbs) per year
> Average height increases 5.5 cm (2 inches) per year
Body systems
* Musculoskeletal growth leads to more coordination and strength
* Growth of facial bones changes facial proportions
> Growth of facial bones leads to changes in the position of the ___ - a more downward and inward position leads to less ear infections at this age
* Lymphatic tissue continues to grow
> Lymphatic tissue grows until about the age of ___
> ___ and ___ reach adult levels around the age of 10
(Hint: certain immunoglobulins)
Eustachian tube
9
IgA, IgG
* Brain growth complete around age ___
* Respiratory system fully develops
> Respiratory system fully develops leading to less respiratory infections
Dentition
20 primary teeth (deciduous) replaced by ___ permanent teeth
Lower central incisors are first lost around the age of ___
10
28
6
Sexual development
* ___
> Growth spurt
> Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics
> Maturation of sexual organs
Puberty
* Onset varies (influenced by race, ethnicity, gender, and diet)
> Onset varies studies show that nowadays children start puberty at an earlier age due to food intake higher levels of hormones in meat…so nowadays its not uncommon for onset to be around ages of 8 or 9 with an onset of 1 1/2-2 years later in boys
* ___ or onset of menstruation around age of 12 but may occur earlier due to earlier onset of puberty
Menarche
* Sex education programs part of school curriculum
> Sex education programs should be implemented as part of school curriculum at the elementary school level within the context of learning
→ Learning about the A&P of the human body to encourage children to inquire and feel less embarrassed and anxious about changes occurring in their body
Sexual Education Programs should include:
* Basic A&P
* Body functions
* Expected changes with puberty
* Menstruation and nocturnal emissions
* Reproduction
* Teenage pregnancy
* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
* Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Motor Development
* ___ motor skills
> Coordination improves
> Balance allows to two-wheeled bicycle
> Dance, skip, jump rope, and play sports
* ___ motor skills
> Development of central nervous system leads to improved balance and hand-eye coordination
→ Model building, playing musical instrument, and drawing
Gross
Fine
Active Play
* Obesity occurs in 18% of children between the ages of 6-11
* Active play - compete in sports, games with rules
* Encouraged to participate in physical activities
* Team sports should be encouraged
> Benefits health, refines motor skills, develops sportsmanship and teamwork
* Preventing sports injuries by educating parents and children
> Supervision, appropriate protective gear (helmets and shin guards)
* Because of the obesity -
> Children should be encouraged, and parents educated about physical activity
> Limit screen time to 2 hours or less per day
> Parents act as role models for nutrition and exercise
> Give adequate space and time to play and jump around
Fatigue and dehydration
* FULL OF ENERGY - don’t recognize signs of fatigue and won’t stop for rest
* Recognize signs of fatigue and irritability and reinforce rest periods
* Metabolism is higher and sweating in children is limited - high risk for extreme temperatures and dehydration
* Frequent rest periods and adequate hydration
Cognitive Development
* Intuitive thought is replaced by ___ thought
* Problem solving ability developed and child can develop hypothesis
* ___ ___ stage
> Egocentrism is replaced by flexibility on interpreting and accepting another’s point of view
> Attention span improves which helps with learning
> Child grasps concepts such as reversibility, conservation, classification and logic, and humor
LOGICAL
Concrete operation
Cognitive Development
* Characteristics of cognitive development in this stage include:
> Taking toy apart and putting back together
> Walking home without getting lost
> Telling time
> Around 10-11 children become skeptic; and this is around the time where they no longer believe in Santa or Bunny
> Enjoys telling riddles and jokes
Sensory Development - Vision
* Visual acuity, ocular muscle control, peripheral vision, and color discrimination fully developed
* Poor visual acuity is sometimes not noted because changes are gradual, and students don’t have anything to compare perfect vision
* Yearly screenings very important
* Screenings are done using the ___
> Placed on the wall
> Child stands 20 feet away
> Both eyes tested first and then each eye separately
> Determined by identifying where the child misses half plus one of the symbols on the line
> 20/20 means child correctly interpreted the letters on the chart for 20 ft at a distance of 20 ft
Snellen chart
Sensory Development - Hearing
* Eustachian tube develops and repositions leading to less ear infections
* Annual audiometric screening tests are important
* Child is placed in a sound-proof room and is asked to identify tones of different frequencies played at a specific decibel level (20 db)
* ___ test screens for hearing loss
* ___ test determines extent of hearing loss
Sweep
Pure
Language Development
* Vocabulary expands and sentences gain structure
* By age of ___ vocabulary includes 8,000-14,000 words
* ___ also improves language skills
6
Reading
Psychosocial Development
Sense of ___
* Fantasy play is replaced by “work” such as chores, hobbies, athletics
* Child is rewarded for good grades, developing a new skill, or sports trophies
* Task of ___ depends on learning to do things and doing it well
* Work attitude and ethic is developed during this stage
Industry
industry
Psychosocial Development
___
* Sense of inferiority is characteristic of this stage
* Approval and ___ by peers is important
> Inability to psychologically separate from parent or expectations set too high
> No one is perfect - parents should identify areas of incompetence and build on attaining success and feelings of mastery
> Its acceptable to not be “perfect”
> Don’t always win…accept loss especially in sports
Self-Esteem
self-esteem
* Friendships are developed based on emotional bonds, feelings, and trust building experiences
* Rules are important
* Peer approval at this stage is important
* Often belong to organized clubs which foster self-esteem
