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BEC > 4 - Economics > Flashcards

4 - Economics Flashcards

1
Q

How does a price increase affect supply?

A

When the prices of an item increases supply increases- because more sellers are willing to sell.

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2
Q

What is a supply curve shift?

A

When supply changes due to something other than price.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a positive supply curve shift (shift right)?

A

“Supply increases at each price point

Higher Equilibrium GDP

Number of sellers increases - market can get flooded

Examples: Government subsidies or technology improvements that decrease costs for suppliers”

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a negative supply curve shift (shift left)?

A

“Supply decreases at each price point

Lower Equilibrium GDP

Cost of producing item increases

Examples: Shortage of gold- so less gold watches are made; wars or crises in rice-producing countries means there is less rice on the market

”

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5
Q

How does price affect the demand for an item?

A

“When the prices of an item increases- demand for it decreases.

”

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6
Q

What is a Demand Curve Shift?

A

When demand changes due to something other than price.

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7
Q

What is a Positive Demand Curve Shift (Shift Right)?

A

“When demand increases at each price point

Price of substitutes go up - price of beef rises- so people buy more chicken

Future price increase is expected - War in Middle East- people go out and buy gas

Market expands - i.e. people get new free health care plan- demand at clinic rises

Expansion - more spending increases equilibrium GDP”

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8
Q

What is a Negative Demand Curve Shift (Shift Left)?

A

“Demand decreases at each price point.

Price of complement goes up - price of beef goes up- less demand for ketchup

Boycott - Company commits social blunder- consumers boycott

Consumer income rises - Demand for inferior goods drops as people have more money to spend

Consumer tastes change

Contraction - less spending decreases equilibrium GDP”

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9
Q

What is the Marginal Propensity to Consume?

A

“How much you spend when your income increases

Calculate: Change in Spending / Change in Income
“

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10
Q

What is the Marginal Propensity to Save?

A

“How much you save when income increases

Calculate: Change in Savings / Change in Income

Also equals 1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume”

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11
Q

How is the multiplier effect calculated?

A

(1 / 1-MPC) x Change in Spending

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12
Q

How does increased spending by consumers and the government affect the demand curve?

A

As spending by consumers or the government increases- the demand curve increases (shifts right).

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13
Q

How does spending change due to the multiplier effect?

A

“The increase in demand ends up being larger than the amount of additional income spent in the economy due to the multiplier effect.

One consumer spends money- which:

  • Increases the income of a business
  • Increases the income of a vendor
  • Increases income of employees
  • Increases tax revenue”
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14
Q

How is Price Elasticity of Demand calculated?

A

% Change in Quantity Demand / % Change in Price

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15
Q

Under elastic demand- how does price affect revenues?

A

“Price increases- Revenue decreases

Price decreases- Revenue increases

”

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16
Q

What conditions would indicate Elastic Demand?

A

“Many substitutes (luxury items)
Considered elastic if elasticity is greater than 1
10% drop in demand / 8% increase in price : 1.25 (Elastic)

Price increases- Revenue decreases
Price decreases- Revenue increases”

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17
Q

How does revenue react to price under Inelastic Demand?

A

“Price increases- Revenue increases

Price decreases- Revenue decreases”

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18
Q

What conditions would indicate Inelastic Demand?

A

“Few substitutes (groceries- gasoline)
Considered inelastic if coefficient of elasticity is less than 1
5% drop in demand / 10% increase in price : .5 (inelastic)

Price increases- Revenue increases
Price decreases- Revenue decreases”

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19
Q

What is Unitary Demand?

A

“Total revenue will remain the same if price is increased

Considered unitary if coefficient of elasticity : 1”

20
Q

How is Income Elasticity of Demand calculated?

A

”% Change Quantity Demanded / % Change in Income

Normal goods greater than 1 (demand increases more than income)

Inferior goods less than 1 (demand increases less than income)”

21
Q

What conditions occur under periods of inflation?

A

“Interest rates increase
Reduced demand for loans
Reduced demand for houses- autos- etc.
Value of bonds and fixed income securities decrease
Inferior good demand to increase
Foreign goods more affordable than domestic
Demand for domestic goods decrease”

22
Q

What happens under Demand-Pull inflation?

A

“Overall spending increases

Demand increases (shifts right)

Market equilibrium price increases”

23
Q

What happens under Cost-Push inflation?

A

“Overall production costs increase
Supply decreases (shifts left)
Market equilibrium price increases

Note: Demand-Pull and Cost-Push Inflation BOTH result in market equilibrium price to increase”

24
Q

What is the Equilibrium Price?

A

The price where Quantity Supplied : Quantity Demanded

25
Q

What is Optimal Production?

A

When Marginal Revenue : Marginal Cost

26
Q

What is the result of a Price Floor?

A

Causes a surplus if above equilibrium price.

27
Q

What is GDP (Gross Domestic Product)?

A

“The annual value of all goods and services produced domestically at current prices by consumers- businesses- the government- and foreign companies with domestic interests

Included: Foreign company has US Factory

Not included: US company has foreign factory”

28
Q

What is included under the income approach for calculating GDP?

A 
I - Income of Proprietors
P - Profits of Corporations
I - Interest (net)
R - Rental Income
A - Adjustments for net foreign income and miscellaneous items
T - Taxes (indirect business taxes)
E - Employee Compensation (wages)
D - Depreciation
29
Q

What is included under the Expenditure Approach for calculating GDP?

A

G - Government Purchases of goods and services
I - Investment (Gross Private Domestic)
C - Consumption (Personal)
E - Exports (exports minus imports) net

30
Q

What is Nominal GDP?

A

Measures goods/services in current prices.

31
Q

For what is a GDP Deflator used?

A

Used to convert GDP to Real GDP

32
Q

What is Real GDP?

A

Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator x 100

33
Q

What is Gross National Product (GNP)?

A

Like GDP; Swaps foreign production. US Firms overseas are included- Foreign firms domestically are not included

34
Q

What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? How is it applied?

A

“Price of goods relative to an earlier period of time- which is the benchmark. Year 1 : 1.0

((CPI Current - CPI Last) / CPI Last) * 100”

35
Q

How is disposable income calculated?

A

Personal Income - Personal Taxes

36
Q

How is Return to Scale calculated?

A

”% Increase in output / % Increase in input

Greater than 1 : Increasing returns to scale

Less than 1 : Decreasing returns to scale”

37
Q

When is the economy in Recession?

A

When GDP growth is negative for two consecutive quarters.

38
Q

What is a Depression?

A

“A prolonged- severe recession with high unemployment rates

No requisite period of time for the economy to officially be in a depression”

39
Q

What are the stages of the Economic Cycle?

A 
"Peak (highest)
Recession (decreasing)
Trough (lowest)
Recover (increasing)
Expansion (higher again)"
40
Q

What are leading indicators?

A

“Conditions that occur before a recession or before a recovery

Example: Stock Market or New Housing Starts”

41
Q

What are lagging indicators?

A

“Conditions that occur after a recession or after a recovery

Examples: Prime Interest Rates- Unemployment

”

42
Q

What are coincident indicators?

A

“Conditions that occur during a recession or during a recovery

Example: Manufacturing output”

43
Q

Which people are included in the calculation of unemployment?

A

Only people looking for jobs

44
Q

What is Cyclical Unemployment?

A

“GDP doesn’t grow fast enough to employ all people who are looking for work

Example: People are unemployed in 2010 because there aren’t enough jobs available due to the economy”

45
Q

What is Economic Cost?

A

Explicit + Implicit Cost

46
Q

What is Economic Profit?

A

Revenue - Economic Cost

BEC (9 decks)

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