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Earth and Space Science > 4: Earth Materials > Flashcards

4: Earth Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a “natural mineral”?

A
  1. They occur naturally
  2. They are inorganic
  3. Has a specific chemical composition
  4. Solid at room temperature
  5. The atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern.
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2
Q

What materials make up 75% of the earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen and silicon.

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3
Q

What percentage of oxygen is in the crust?

A

46.6%

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4
Q

What percentage of silicon is in the crust?

A

27.7%

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5
Q

What percentage of aluminum is in the crust?

A

8.1%

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6
Q

What percentage of iron is in the crust?

A

5.0%

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7
Q

What percentage of calcium is in the crust?

A

3.6%

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8
Q

What percentage of sodium is in the crust?

A

2.8%

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9
Q

What percentage of potassium is in the crust?

A

2.6%

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10
Q

What percentage of magnesium is in the crust?

A

2.3%

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11
Q

What percentage of other materials are in the crust?

A

1.5%

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12
Q

How are crystals formed?

A

When heat is lost, the atoms come closer together forming bonds. Crystals form in different solutions - it often forms in a liquid and then precipitates.

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13
Q

What structure is a diamond in?

A

Carbon Tetrahedral

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14
Q

What structure is graphite in?

A

A sheet of carbon atoms

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15
Q

What are the names of the 6 mineral structures?

A

Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic, Hexagonal?

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16
Q

What does the cubic mineral structure look like?

A

The 3 axises are the same length and they join together at a 90º.

17
Q

What is an example of a cubic mineral structure?

A

Halite

18
Q

What does the tetragonal mineral structure look like?

A

All 3 axes intersect at a perpendicular angle - two of which are the same length.

19
Q

What is an example of a tetragonal mineral structure?

A

Wulfenite

20
Q

What does the orthorhombic mineral structure look like?

A

All 3 axes intersect at a perpendicular angle to one another, but are differing in lengths.

21
Q

What is an example of the orthorhombic mineral structure?

A

Topaz

22
Q

What does the monoclinic mineral structure look like?

A

All 3 of the axes are different lengths, 2 of which intersect at a 90º angle and the last intersecting at an oblique angle (not 90º).

23
Q

What is an example of the monoclinic mineral structure?

A

Gypsum

24
Q

What does the triclinic mineral structure look like?

A

All 3 axes are different in length and join together at oblique angles.

25
Q

What is an example of triclinic mineral structure?

A

Kyanite

26
Q

What does the hexagonal mineral structure look like?

A

All 3 axes are the same length meeting together at 60º. The 4th axis can be vertical and is often different in length.

27
Q

What is an example of the triclinic mineral structure?

A

Quartz

28
Q

What are the 6 categories we can separate the mineral identification in?

A

Silicates, Carbonate, Oxides, Sulphides, Sulphates, Halides, Phosphates, Natural Elements

29
Q

What percentage of minerals are in the silicate family on earth?

A

90%

30
Q

What are 2 types of silicate minerals?

A

Non-Ferromagnesium and Ferromagnesium

31
Q

What is Non-Ferromagnesium?

A

Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen (quartz)

32
Q

What is Ferromagnesium?

A

Minerals that contain silicon, oxygen, magnesium/iron.

33
Q

What are carbonates in terms of mineral identification?

A

Negatively charged carbonate ion + positively charged metal ion.

34
Q

What are oxides in terms of mineral identification?

A

Minerals that are combined with oxygen.

35
Q

What are sulphides in terms of mineral identification?

A

Minerals that are combined with sulphurs.

36
Q

What are halides in terms of the mineral identification?

A

Minerals that contain a halite (fluorine or chlorine) with a positively charged metal ion.

37
Q

What are phosphates in terms of mineral identification?

A

Minerals that contain a phosphate ion and a positively charged metal ion.

38
Q

What are native elements in terms of mineral identification?

A

Elements that occur naturally according to the 5 characteristics.

Earth and Space Science (4 decks)

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