4. diabetes Flashcards
name a first line drug for type 2 diabetes
metformin
what’s a common side effect of metformin
nausea and vomiting
what’s the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
type 1 diabetes – where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. Cannot make your own insulin
type 2 diabetes – more common. where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells do not react to insulin
list signs/symptoms of T2DM
polydipsia
polyuria
lethargy
weight loss
frequency episodes of thrush, UTIs
foot sores, slow healing
blurred vision
depression
define polyuria and polydipsia
polyuria - needing to urinate too much
polydipsia - excessive thirst
what is the eye condition that diabetics are more at risk at ?
retinopathy
blurred vision
this is due to damage to blood vessels behind the eyes, caused by high blood glucose levels
untreated can cause blindness
list 3 modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes
BMI over 30, obesity
sedentary lifestyle
diet (high carbohydrate intake)
list 3 non-modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes
age
family history
ethnicity
why are diabetics more at risk of recurrent UTIs and thrush
medication taken means high levels of glucose in urine
sugary urine creates environment for bacteria
recurrent opportunistic infections
list 2 acute complications of diabetes
diabetic ketoacidosis
HHS
list 3 chronic complications of diabetes
MICROVASCUALR
neuropathy
nephropathy - kidneys
retinopathy
list 3 chronic complications of diabetes
MACROVASCUALR
stroke
cardiovascualr disease
what is peripheral neuropathy
numbness, burning or shooting pain, tingling and/or paraesthesia of the hands and/or feet, often at night
what is Nephropathy
Nephropathy is the deterioration of kidney function
why is it important diabetics have regular foot check ups?
peripheries are vulnerable to neuropathy - loss of protective foot sensation
so cannot feel if they have a sore on their feet
get worse and possible deformity
what happens in a 3 month check up (diabetes review)
blood tests (HbA1C test for glucose levels, and U&Es)
above 48mmol/mol is diabetes
once stable, only yeses every 6 months
what tests are carried out in an annual diabetes review
- check if lost feeling in peripheries (use nylon to poke feet and toes)
- check for damage to blood vessels in your eyes (check sensitivity to light, eye test for vision, any blurriness )
- for high blood pressure (risk of stroke and heart attack)
-cholesterol levels
- nephropathy (urine protein dipstick test)
why is having high cholesterol very dangerous in people with diabetes
diabetes damages arteries
more vulnerable to cholesterol build up
narrowing and blocking
how does a urine dipstick test show nephropathy?
shows the Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR),
aka urine microalbumin levels
high albumin (protein) levels shows damaged glomeruli and nephrons
S__________ are a class of drugs that stimulate cells in the pancreas to make more insulin. commonly used to treat diabetes
Sulphonylureas
what group of medications is often used alongside diabetes drugs?
statins
what is a healthy diet for diabetes ?
A diabetes diet = eating the healthiest foods in moderate amounts and sticking to regular mealtimes.
rich in nutrients and low in fat and calories.
Key elements are fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
avoid eating too many sugary foods and carb heavy meals
