4. diabetes

Question 1

name a first line drug for type 2 diabetes

Answer 1

metformin

Question 2

what’s a common side effect of metformin

Answer 2

nausea and vomiting

Question 3

what’s the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Answer 3

type 1 diabetes – where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. Cannot make your own insulin

type 2 diabetes – more common. where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells do not react to insulin

Question 4

list signs/symptoms of T2DM

Answer 4

polydipsia

polyuria

lethargy

weight loss

frequency episodes of thrush, UTIs

foot sores, slow healing

blurred vision

depression

Question 5

define polyuria and polydipsia

Answer 5

polyuria - needing to urinate too much

polydipsia - excessive thirst

Question 6

what is the eye condition that diabetics are more at risk at ?

Answer 6

retinopathy

blurred vision

this is due to damage to blood vessels behind the eyes, caused by high blood glucose levels

untreated can cause blindness

Question 7

list 3 modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Answer 7

BMI over 30, obesity

sedentary lifestyle

diet (high carbohydrate intake)

Question 8

list 3 non-modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Answer 8

age

family history

ethnicity

Question 9

why are diabetics more at risk of recurrent UTIs and thrush

Answer 9

medication taken means high levels of glucose in urine

sugary urine creates environment for bacteria

recurrent opportunistic infections

Question 10

list 2 acute complications of diabetes

Answer 10

diabetic ketoacidosis

HHS

Question 11

list 3 chronic complications of diabetes

MICROVASCUALR

Answer 11

neuropathy

nephropathy - kidneys

retinopathy

Question 12

list 3 chronic complications of diabetes

MACROVASCUALR

Answer 12

stroke

cardiovascualr disease

Question 13

what is peripheral neuropathy

Answer 13

numbness, burning or shooting pain, tingling and/or paraesthesia of the hands and/or feet, often at night

Question 14

what is Nephropathy

Answer 14

Nephropathy is the deterioration of kidney function

Question 15

why is it important diabetics have regular foot check ups?

Answer 15

peripheries are vulnerable to neuropathy - loss of protective foot sensation

so cannot feel if they have a sore on their feet

get worse and possible deformity

Question 16

what happens in a 3 month check up (diabetes review)

Answer 16

blood tests (HbA1C test for glucose levels, and U&Es)

above 48mmol/mol is diabetes

once stable, only yeses every 6 months

Question 17

what tests are carried out in an annual diabetes review

Answer 17

• check if lost feeling in peripheries (use nylon to poke feet and toes)
• check for damage to blood vessels in your eyes (check sensitivity to light, eye test for vision, any blurriness )
• for high blood pressure (risk of stroke and heart attack)

-cholesterol levels

• nephropathy (urine protein dipstick test)

Question 18

why is having high cholesterol very dangerous in people with diabetes

Answer 18

diabetes damages arteries

more vulnerable to cholesterol build up

narrowing and blocking

Question 19

how does a urine dipstick test show nephropathy?

Answer 19

shows the Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR),

aka urine microalbumin levels

high albumin (protein) levels shows damaged glomeruli and nephrons

Question 20

S__________ are a class of drugs that stimulate cells in the pancreas to make more insulin. commonly used to treat diabetes

Answer 20

Sulphonylureas

Question 21

what group of medications is often used alongside diabetes drugs?

Answer 21

statins

Question 22

what is a healthy diet for diabetes ?

Answer 22

A diabetes diet = eating the healthiest foods in moderate amounts and sticking to regular mealtimes.

rich in nutrients and low in fat and calories.

Key elements are fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

avoid eating too many sugary foods and carb heavy meals