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Y1 IMS- Nucleic Acids > 4 Cancer And Mutation > Flashcards

4 Cancer And Mutation Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer

A

Group of diseases of body’s own cells

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2
Q

Give some features of cancer

A

Uncontrolled divisions of abnormal cells
Change in morphology
Dedifferentiation of cells
Metastasis

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3
Q

Give the main stages of cancer development

A 
Normal cells 
Hyper proliferative cell population 
Early adenoma (beginning of a benign tumour)
Late adenoma 
Carcinoma
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4
Q

What is an adenoma

A

Non-cancerous tumour

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5
Q

Carcinoma meaning

A

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs

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6
Q

What is a point mutation

A

Small change in DNA sequence:
Amino acid substitution = missense mutation
Stop codon introduced = missense mutation

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7
Q

What is a frameshift mutation

A

Insertion/ deletion of basses

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8
Q

Gene amplification

A

Having more than two copies of a gene

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9
Q

Chromosomal translocation

A

Fusion of genes
Or
Genes moved to more transcriptionally active region of chromosome

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10
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes

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11
Q

What does mutation induction require

A

Chemical modification of DNA

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12
Q

Are cancer cells dependant on or independent of positive growth factors

A

Independent

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13
Q

What is a positive growth factor

A

Stimulate growth of specific tissue - regulate cell division

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14
Q

Describe the process of growth factors involved in cell cycle

A

Positive growth factors bind to receptor proteins on cell surface
Activates internal portion of growth factor receptor
Cascade of signalling activated inside cell
Signal reaches nucleus
Transcription of gene involved in initiating cell cycle
Cell division
Sufficient cell division - then negative growth factors bind to receptor protein on cell surface
Cell cycle shut down

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15
Q

Are cancer cells angiogenic

A

Yesssss

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16
Q

What are oncogenes

A

Mutated versions of normal genes

17
Q

Function of oncogenes

A

Gene which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumour cell

18
Q

What is a tumour suppressor genes

A

Controls growth/ protects cells against damage

19
Q

Mutation

A

Uncontrolled division

20
Q

Give 5 causes of cancer

A 
Ages
Genetics 
Sunlight 
Alcohol/ smoking 
Oral contraceptives
21
Q

What is the correlation between age and likelihood of cancer

A

Positive correlation

22
Q

Give two examples of cancers caused by genetics

A

Breast cancer

Colon cancer

23
Q

What kind of cancer is caused by sunlight exposure

A

Skin cancer

24
Q

Give a cause of lung cancer

A

Alcohol

Smoking

25
Q

How can oral contraceptives cause cancer

A

They increase the level of certain hormones

26
Q

What kind of cancer can be caused by oral contraceptives

A

Cervical cancer
Breast cancer
(Because they increase the levels of certain hormones)

27
Q

Genotoxic meaning

A

Damage DNA/ cause mutations

28
Q

What can an in vitro get be used to show

A

The potential of a chemical to induce cancer

29
Q

Which two types of epidemiology studies can be done

A

Case control studies

Prospective studies

30
Q

What does a case control study do

A

Compare disease with matched control groups to look for factors more common in those with disease

31
Q

What does a prospective case study involve

A

Following a population overtime to confirm that disease is linked to suspected cause

32
Q

Over how many carcinogens does smoke contain

A

50 +

33
Q

How does benzo(a)pyrene (found in cig smoke) lead to an increased chance of mutation

A

It binds to deoxyguanosine to form DNA adduct

34
Q

How does a thymine diner which causes DNA damage form

A

Input of energy from UV causes formation of covalent bonds between adjacent thymine molecules

Y1 IMS- Nucleic Acids (4 decks)

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