4 - Biochemistry and Lab Techniques

Question 1

Fatty acids=

*three functions for our bodies?

Answer 1

Fatty acids= long carbon chains with carboxylic acid end.

• serve as hormones and intracellular messengers
• components of phospholipids and glycolipids of cell membranes
• act as fuel for our body

Question 2

Lipolysis=

Saponification=

*fatty acids enter into the _____, _______ at a time.

Answer 2

Lipolysis= triacylglycerols can be hydrolyzed to form glycerol and the corresponding fatty acids.

Saponification= In the lab, triacylglycerols can be cleaved by the addition of NaOH.

*fatty acids enter into the krebs cycle two carbons at a time.

Question 3

Amide=

*There are _______ essential amino acids.

Answer 3

Amide= a peptide bond creates the functional group known as an amide (an amine connected to a carbonyl carbon) and is formed via condensation of two amino acids. Reverse reaction is hydrolysis of a peptide bond.

*There are ten essential amino acids.

Question 4

Carbohydrates=

Answer 4

Carbohydrates= carbon and water. Cn(H20)n

Question 5

Anomeric carbon=

Furanose=

Pyranose=

Glucopyranose=

Answer 5

Anomeric carbon= identified as the only carbon attached to two oxygens because its alcohol group may point upwards or downwards on the ring structure resulting in either the alpha or beta anomer.

Furanose= five membered ring

Pyranose= six membered ring

Glucopyranose= glucose ring

Question 6

*reducing sugars end in _____

*nonreducing sugars end in _______

Answer 6

*reducing sugars end in -ose

*nonreducing sugars end in -oside

Question 7

Sucrose=

Maltose=

Lactose=

Cellulose=

Amylose=

Amylopectin=

Glycogen=

Answer 7

Sucrose= 1,1’ glycosidic linkage

Maltose= alpha 1,4’ glucosidic linkage

Lactose= beta 1,4’ galactosidic

Cellulose= beta 1,4’ glucosidic linkage

Amylose= alpha 1,4’ glucosidic

Amylopectin= alpha 1,4’ glucosidic linkage

Glycogen= alpha 1,4’ glucosidic linkage

Question 8

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)=

*Aldehydes have a distinct proton shift at _____ ppm.

Answer 8

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)= concerned with hydrogens. Each peak represents chemically equivalent hydrogens. Splitting of peaks is created by “neighboring hydrogens.”

*Aldehydes have a distinct proton shift at 9.5 ppm.

Question 9

Extraction:

3 steps=
1)
2)
3)

Organic layer always on _____________________, and aqueous on the _____________

Answer 9

Extraction:

3 steps=

1) (adding strong acid) = removing the amines (bases)
2) (adding weak base) = strong acids removed (carboxylic acids)
3) (strong base added) = weak acids removed (phenols)

Organic layer always on top, and aqueous on the bottom.

Question 10

IR=

• carboxylic acid; broad -OH from ____ & C=O ______
• aldehyde; C=O _______, C-H ________
• alcohol; -OH _____, and C-H _______
• amines; -NH _____ short, _______ C-H
• Nitrile; C triple bond N ______, C-H ______
• amides; ______ -NH, _____ C-H, ______ C=O

*C=O a sharp dip at ______
*-OH broad dip around ___________

Answer 10

IR=

• carboxylic acid; broad -OH from 2500-3500 & C=O 1710
• aldehyde; C=O 1710, C-H 2800-3000 (2700, 2800)
• alcohol; -OH 3300, and C-H 2800-3000
• amines; -NH 3300 short, 2800-3000 C-H
• Nitrile; C triple bond N 2200, C-H 2800-3000
• amides; 3300 -NH, 2800-3000 C-H, 1710 C=O

*C=O a sharp dip at 1700

*-OH broad dip around 3200-3600