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Physiology 2041 > 4. Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

4. Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Compare control of SNS and ANS

A

SNS: voluntary
ANS: involuntary

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2
Q

Compare number of neurons in pathway of SNS and ANS

A

SNS: single motorneuron
ANS: a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

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3
Q

Compare cell body location of SNS and ANS

A

SNS: CNS
ANS: CNS for preganglionic and autonomic ganglion for post ganglionic

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4
Q

Compare effectors of SNS and ANS

A

SNS: skeletal muscle
ANS: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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5
Q

Compare NTs and receptors of SNS and ANS

A

SNS: ACh/AChR
ANS: Preganglionic neuron: ACh/nAChR; postganglionic neuron: ACh/mAChR and NE/a1, a1, b1, b2

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6
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic: ‘fight or flight’ (e.g. the body responds to fear, a difficult exam, a burning house, or an attacker)

Parasympathetic: ‘rest-and-digest’ (e.g. sexal arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation)

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7
Q

Describe the two neurons in series that connect the spinal cord and effector organs of the sympathetic division

A

Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord (T1-L3)
Thoracolumbar
Cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons are in:
-Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain)
-Prevertebral/collateral ganglia (celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia)
Length of axons: short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic

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8
Q

Adrenal gland

A

A speicalized sympathetic ganglion
Cell bodies of preganglionic located in thoracic spinal cord (T5-T9)
The axon of preganglionic neurons pass through the sympathetic chain and the celiac ganglion without synapsing, and travel to adrenal medulla, where they synapse on chromaffin cells

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9
Q

Endogenous analgesia system

A

Includes the secretion by the brain of endorphins in response to the central perception of pain.
Opioids and serotonin/catecholamines come from adrenal gland

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10
Q

Describe two neurons in series that connect the spinal cord and effector organ in the parasympathetic division

A

Cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are in nuclei of cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral region of spinal cord (S2-S4).
Craniosacral
Cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are within or very close to effector organs.

Length of axons: long pre-ganglionic axon; short post-ganglionic axon.

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11
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic: origin of preganglionic nerve

A

Sympathetic=thoracolumbar

Parasymapthetic=craniosacral

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12
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic: location of ganglia

A

Sympathetic=far from effector organs

Parasymapthetic=near or within effector organs

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13
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic: length of preganglionic nerve

A

Sympathetic=short

Parasymapthetic=long

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14
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic: length of post ganglionic nerve

A

Sympathetic=long

Parasymapthetic=short

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15
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The junction between motoneuron and its effectors (skeletal muscle fibers)
Motor end plate
Nerve terminals

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16
Q

Neuroeffector function

A

The junction between postganglionic autonomic neurons and its effectors (target tissues)
Branching networks
Varicosities

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17
Q

Neuroeffector junction vs. Neuromuscular junction: arrangement

A

neuroeffector junction = diffuse, branching networks

neuromuscular junction= discrete, organized structure called motor end plate

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18
Q

Neuroeffector junction vs. Neuromuscular junction: innervation

A

neuroeffector junction = target tissues may be innervated by many postganglionic neurons
neuromuscular junction= a skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by a single motorneuron

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19
Q

Neuroeffector junction vs. Neuromuscular junction: NT storage sites

A

neuroeffector junction = varicosities

neuromuscular junction= nerve terminals

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20
Q

Neuroeffector junction vs. Neuromuscular junction: postsynaptic receptors

A

neuroeffector junction = postsynaptic receptors are widely distributed on the target tissue
neuromuscular junction= postsynaptic receptors are located in the specialized motor end plate

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21
Q

Adrenergic neurons

A

Synthesize and release norepinephrine

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22
Q

Adrenoreceptors

A

a1, a2, b1, b2; activated by NE or epinephrine

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23
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

neurons that synthesize and release ACh

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24
Q

Cholinoreceptors

A

Nicotinic AChR, muscarinic AChR; activated by ACh

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25
Similarities of ACh in both ANS divisions
Preganglionic neurons release ACh that activates nAChR on postganglonic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
26
A substantial amount of nicotine (nAChR agonist) will cause...
Increase parasympathetic AND sympathetic response.
27
Non-classic neurotransmitters in parasympathetic division
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) | NO (nitric oxide)
28
Non-classic neurotransmitters in sympathetic division
ATP | Neuropeptide Y
29
In the ganglia, which transmitters and receptors are used in the parasympathetic, sympathetic and adrenal medulla?
ACh = transmitter | nAChR=receptor
30
In the effector organs, which transmitters and receptors are used in the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and adrenal medulla
Parasympathetic: ACh (VIP, NO) = transmitter mAChR=receptor Sympathetic: NE, ACh (ATP, neuropeptide Y) = transmitter a1, a2, b1, b2, mAChR =receptor Adrenal medulla: NE and epinephrine = transmitter a1, a2, b1, b2=receptor
31
G protein linked receptors
Activate G proteins (GDP to GTP) Seven TM domains Ex: adrenoreceptors (a1, a2, b1, b2) mAChRR
32
G protein
Guanosine nucleotide-binding proteins Heterotrimer (a, b, g) Molecular switches: GTP (active) / GDP (inactive) Activated by G protein-linked receptors
33
Steps of G protein activation
1. Inactive state 2. Ligand binding 3. Nucleotide exchange 4. Active state 5. Ligand-dissociation GTP hydrolysis
34
Downsteam effects of G protein activation
Gs, Gi: activates or inhibits Adenylyl cyclase (AC) → cAMP↑ or ↓ → PKA ↑ or ↓ Gq: activates Phospholipase C (PLC) → inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) ↑, diacylglycerol (DAG) ↑ → Ca2+↑ and PKC ↑ Direct alters the function of ion channels: mAChR → Gi → K+ channels of the sinoatrial node
35
A1 receptor location
Vascular smooth muscle of the skin, skeletal muscle, and the splanchnic region Sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder Radial muscle of the iris.
36
A1 receptor function
Activation leads to contraction
37
A2 receptors and G protein
Adenylyl cyclase, but activates Gi protein, causes inhibitory effect – relaxation
38
A1 receptors and G protein
Gq activates phospholipase C upon norepinephrine binding (alpha subunit with GTP binding lead to activation of phospholipase C) – skin and skeletal muscle, cause tissue contraction
39
B1/B2 receptors and G protein
Norepinephrine binding, beta receptor activated… - in sinoatrial node and atrioventricular, increase heart rate, conduction velocity and contractility of heart muscle, increase lipolysis, saliva (beta1)
40
B1 location
Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and ventricular muscle of the heart Salivary glands, kidney, and adipose tissue
41
B2 location
Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle Walls of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder Bronchioles
42
B1 receptor function
Increase heart rate, conduction velocity, and contractility | Increase secretion of saliva, renin, and lipolysis
43
B2 receptor function
Relaxation or dilation
44
A2 receptor location
Vascular smooth muscle of certain blood vessels | Gastrointestinal tract
45
A2 receptor function
Relaxation
46
Autoreceptors
Present on sympathetic presynaptic regions Inhibits further release of norepinephrine from the same terminals Negative feedback Are presynaptic a2 receptors
47
Heteroreceptors
Present on parasympathetic presynaptic regions Inhibits release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals. Are presynaptic a2 receptors
48
Why does Curare (nAChR blocker) cause relaxation of skeletal muscle?
Curare blocks nAChR that is required for the initiation of action potential and muscle contraction.
49
Why does Atropine (mAChR blocker) increases heart rate?
Atropine inhibits mAChR and parasympathetic division, countering the "rest and digest" activity.
50
Action of a1 adrenoreceptors
Stimulation of phospholipase C → ↑ IP3 → ↑ intracellular [Ca2+]
51
Action of a2 adrenoreceptors
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase → ↓ cAMP
52
Action of b1 adrenoreceptors
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase → ↑ cAMP
53
Action of b2 adrenoreceptors
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase → ↑ cAMP
54
Action of nictotinic cholinoreceptors
Opening Na+ and K+ channels → depolarization
55
Action of muscarinic cholinoreceptors
Stimulation of phospholipase C → ↑ IP3 → ↑ intracellular [Ca2+]
56
Dual innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Most organs are dual innervated. Usually antagonistic but often complementary Overall function Sympathetic: ‘fight or flight’ Parasympathetic: ‘rest or digest’ Only sympathetic innervation: sweat glands, adrenal medulla, blood vessels
57
Pupil in bright light
Parasympathetic: constrictor/sphincter muscles contract Increased ACh release and mAChR activity in pupillary constrictor (sphincter) muscle → sphincter muscle constricts → constricts pupil (miosis)
58
Pupil in dim light
Symmapethetic: dilator/radial muscles contract Increased NE release and a1 receptors activity in pupillary dilator (radial) muscle → radial muscle constricts→ dilates pupil (mydriasis)
59
What is the pathophysiology of Horner’s syndrome (typical symptoms - miosis, and anhidrosis)?
Interruption of the sympathetic innervation of the head and neck.
60
Autonomic functions of hypothalamus
Temperature Food intake Water balance
61
Autonomic functions of brain stem
``` Micturition Breathing Cardiovascular function Swallowing Coughing Vomiting ```
62
Servomechanism
A control system uses a negative feedback mechanism to operate another system Ex: vasomotor center in blood pressure regulation
63
Temperature regulation
Central thermoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus
64
What is the mechanism of fever?
Pyrogens increase the temperature regulation set point in the hypothalamus
65
Glucoreceptors
In the hypothalamus, regulate food intake
66
Osmoreceptors
In the hypothalamus, regulate water intake
67
Diversity as a determinant of physiologic functions
1. Different transmitters, different functions The same effector cells (e.g., smooth muscle cells) may respond differently depending on whether it receives cholinergic or adrenergic input. 2. Different receptors, different functions The same effector cells (e.g., smooth muscle cells) may respond differently when receiving adrenergic input depending on the types of adrenergic receptor.
68
Specificity as a determinant of physiologic functions
Same transmitter/receptor, but different functions Tissue-specific and cell type-specific - b1 activation in the sinoatrial (SA) node: increase heart rate - b1 activation in the atrioventricular (AV) node: increase conduction velocity - b1 activation in the ventricular muscle: increase contractility - b1 activation salivary gland: increase secretion - b1 activation kidney: secrete renin
69
Table of effects of ANS and organ function
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Physiology 2041 (6 decks)

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