4 and 5 Flashcards
AGE
- Birth
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 1 year
- 15 months
- 18 months
- 4-6 years
- 11 to 6 years
- 14 to 16 years
IMMUNIZATION
- Hepatitis B
- Diphtheria, Polio, Influenza
- Diphtheria, Polio, Influenza
- Diphtheria, Influenza
- TB test
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Influenza
- Diphtheria, Polio
- Diphtheria, Polio
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella
- Tetanus-diphtheria
another way to avoid health problems for childrens
avoid accidents
what makes children health care needs unique
cognitive and socioemotional development
how to improve the health of a child in poverty
by changing their family condition
poor health and early adulthood death starts from
during adolescence
impacts on adolescences health
parents, older siblings and peers
who are mainly responsible for the higher mortality rate of emerging adults?
males
emerging adults compared to adolescence
higher rate for chronic health, likely to be obese mental health disorder
chronic disorder (CD)
are characteriized by a slow onset and long duration. they are rare in early adulthood, increase in middle adult hood and common in late adulthood.
common CD for females
arthritis, hypertension and sinus problems
common CD for males
hypertension, arthritis, heart disease and hearing impairments. mens also have a higher chances for fatal Chronic conditions(cancer).
cardiovascular disease
leading cause of death 75-84 84-over of age, most likely to die from it.
Arthritis
an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems. most common CD in older adults. No cure but the symptoms can be treated by aspirin, range of motion exercise, weight reduction, and replacement of the cripple joint by prosthesis(in extreme cases)
normal aging involves
some loss of bone tissues from the skeleton.
Osteoporosis
involves an extensive loss of bones tissues. Its the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are mostly vulnerable to it, its the leading cause of their broken bones. most common with non Latina white, thin and small framed women.
Osteoporosis is related to and how to prevent it?
related to calcium, vitamin D, estrogen and lack of exercise. to prevent it young and middle-aged women should eat foods rich in calcium, exercise and avoid smoking.
Alzheimer disease
a progressive irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.
Women are most likely to get it because they live longer than men and their long life expectancy increases numbers of years during which they can develop it.
Dementia
A global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptom is deterioration of mental functioning. They lose ability to take care of themselves, forget about familiar surroundings and people, even family.
Causes of Alzheimer disease
involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical acetylcholine, which plays a important role in memory. as Alzheimer disease progresses, the brain shrinks and deteriorates. this deteriorates is characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. research consist that Tau and Amyloid play on Alzheimer disease. Also oxidative stress.
Amyloid plaques
dense deposit of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels
Neurofibrillary tangles
twisted fibers that build up in neurons, consist mainly a protein called tau.
Oxidative stress
occurs when the body antioxidant defense are unable to cope with free radical attacks and oxidation in the body
Alzheimer disease (genes)
genes play an important role in Alzheimer disease. A gene called apolipoprotein E(ApoE) is linked to increase presence of plaques and tangles in the brain. special attention focuses the presence of an allele(an alternative form of a gene) labeled ApoE4 that has been identified as a strong risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
lowering Alzheimer disease
healthy lifestyle factors lower the risk or delay the onset of the disease.
Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI)
represents a traditional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias. MCI is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
Parkinson disease
is another dementia, which is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement and partial facial paralysis. It is triggered by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the brain.
Dopamine is a neurontrasmitter
is a neurontrasmitter that is necessary for normal brain functioning. why these neuron degenerate is unknown.
Treatment for Parkinson
involves administration drugs that enhance the effect of dopamine( dopamine agonist) in the disease earlier stages and later administering the drug L-dopa, which is converted by the brain into dopamine. However it is difficult to determine the correct dosage of L-dupa and it loses its efficiency over time. Another treatment for advance Parkinson disease is deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves implanting electrodes in the brain. The electrodes are then stimulated by a pacemaker like device. stem cells transplantation and gene therapy offers future hope to treating Parkinson disease.
stress
stress is being found as a factor in many diseases.
Nutrition needs
eating behavior, and related issues vary to some extend across the life span
for infancy
the importance of receiving adequate energy intake and nutrients in loving and supportive environment cannot be overstated. from to a year of age, human infants triple their weight and increase their length by 50%. because infants vary their nutrient reserves, body composition, growth rates and actives patterns, their nutrients needs vary as well. Infants should consumer 50 calories per pound in their weight, 2x more as an adult.
Breast vs bottle feeding
for the first four to six months of life, human milk or formula is the baby source of nutrients and energy. with many benefits (on page 135) even for the mothers(page 136)
Overweight children
These categories are determined by body mass index (BMI) which is computed by a formula that takes into account height and weight. (page 137)
consequences for obesity
raises the risk of medical and psychological problems, pulmonary problems like sleep apnea, hip problems, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and elevated blood cholesterol levels.(138)
Treatment for obesity
combination of diet, exercise and behavior modification. (138)
adolescence nutrition
page 139
anorexia nervosa
a eating disorder that involves the restless pursuit of thinness through starvation. it can lead to death. page 139 for the main four characteristics for it.
Bullimia Nervosa
a eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge and purge eating pattern. Bulimic goes on a eating binge and purges itself by self vomiting or laxative. (page 140)
Binge eating disorder (BED)
involves frequent binge eating without compensatory behavior like the purging that characterizes bulimics. (page 140)
Adult Nutritions
Plays a important role in adults physical development and health
Obesity
is a serious and pervasive health issue for many people. increases risks of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Can be inherited by genes, environmental factor and sociocultural factors(page 141)
losing weight
page 141
calories restriction and longevity
page 141
the controversy over vitamins and aging
mainly a group called antioxidants consist of vitamin C, And beta carotene which might help to slow aging process and improve the health of older adults. (page 142)
Children and adolescence
page 143-144
adulthood (145)
aerobic exercise is sustained activities, jogging, swimming or cycling, for example that simulates the lungs and heart.
The jogging hog experiment
page 145
Aging and longevity (page 145)
positive effects of exercise for older adults (page 146-147)
Substance use
nother important way to persevere health is to not engage in substance abuse. for example a 85 year old who did not abuse alcohol at age 50 lived longer the than their counterparts who abused it at age 50
- trends in adolescence drug abuse
* the roles parents, peers, and educational success
- page 148
* page 149
emerging adult drug abuse
page 150
substance use in older adults
page 151
Dynamic system theory
a theory proposed by Esther Helen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving. (page 155)
reflex
allows infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn (page 156)
Rooting reflex
a newborn built in reaction that occurs when the infant cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. in response, the infant turns their head towards the side that was touched, in an apparent effort to find something to suck.
Sucking Reflex
A newborns reaction of sucking an object placed in its mouth. The sucking reflex enables the infant to get nourishment before it has begun to associate a nipple with food
Moro Reflex
a startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement. when startled, the newborn arches its back, and throws its head back, and flies out its arm and legs. Then the newborn rapidly closes its arm and legs to the center of the body
Grasping reflex
a reflex that occurs when something touches an infants palms. the infant responds by grasping tightly
Gross motor skills
motor skills that involves large muscle activities, such as walking(Page 157)
The Development of posture
a dynamic process that is linked with sensory info in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tells us we are in space. (157)
learning to walk
page 157
The first year: Development milestones and variations
page 158
Development in the second year
page 158
cultural variation in guiding infants motor development
page 158-159
childhood
page 160
Adolescence and adulthood
Gross motor skills improve during adolescence. most of us reach our peak performance before age 30, often between the age 19 to 26. when someone reaches the age 30, most biological function begins to decline although the decline of specific organs can vary considerably. Can decline at a rate of 0.75 to 1% a year Declines often occurs in cardiovascular functioning, muscle strength, bone density( mostly females), neural function, balance and flexibility.
Movement and aging
Older adults take longer to move than young adults, and this change occurs across a range of movement difficulties.
Fine motor skills(FMS)
Motor skills that involves finely tuned movements, such as any activity that requires finger dexterity.
infancy Fine motor skills(162)
Infants hardly has control over Fine motor skills at brith, but newborns do have many components of what will become finely coordinated arms, hands and finger movements. The onset of reaching and grasping marks a significant milestone for infants, increasing ability to interact with their surroundings. infants refine their ability to grasp objects by developing two types of grasp. Vary from size, texture and shape.
Palmer grasp
Infants grips with the whole hand
Pincer grip
towards the end of the first year, infants also grasp small objects with their thumbs and forefingers.
Perceptual motor coupling
is necessary for the infant to coordinate grasping. four months reply on touch to determine how they will grasps an object. 8 months are likely to use vision as a guide.
Childhood and adolescence fine motor skills
as children grow older their fine motor skills improve. at age 3 children can use their thumb and forefingers to pickup small objects but clumsy. By age 4 their FMS coordination is more precise. Increased myelination of the central nervous system is reflected in the improvement of FMS during middle and late childhood.(page 163)
Adult Fine motor skills
FMS may undergo some decline in middle and late adulthood as dexterity decreases, although for the most people, FMS such as reaching and grasping, continue to be performed in functional ways . But pathological conditions may result in weakness and paralysis of a person hands, in which case performance of fine motor skills may be impossible.
Sensation and perception
How do Newborns know thats their mother skin is soft or rough?
they know this by senses
sensation
reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors the eye, ears, tongue, nostrils and skins. (page 165)
Perception
The interpretation of sensation
Ecological view
the view proposed by the Gibsons that people directly perceive info in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it
affordances
Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
Visual Perception
Some important changes in visual perception as we age can be traced to difference in how the eye functions over time.It influences how clearly we see an object, colors and stances for example.
infancy Visual Perception
Psychologist William James called the newborn perceptual world a “blooming, buzzing confusion” but its safely to say he was wrong. The newborn perceives a world with some order. that works, however is far different from the one by the toddler or the adult.
Visual preference method
Robert Fantz was a pioneer in this effort. Fantz made a important discovery that advanced the ability of researchers to investigate infants visual perception. Page 166
Habituation and dishabituation
Present a stimulation ( such as sight or sound) a number of times. page 166
The Orienting response
a technique that can be used to determine whether an infant can see or hear is the orienting response, which involves turning ones head towards a sight or sound. another way, is tracking measures eye movement that follows a moving object; it can be used to see an infants early visual ability. a startle response can be used to determine an infant reaction to a noise.(167)
habituation
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus
Dishabituation
the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.
Color vision
infants color vision improve over time. around 8 week as early to 4 weeks infants can discriminate some colors. (page 169)
Perceptual constancy
page 169
Size constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the viewer moves toward or away from the object. Page 169
Shape constancy
Recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to the viewer changes
Depth Perception
page 170
childhood Visual
Changes in children perceptual development continues in childhood. at age 3-4 they become better at detecting boundaries between colors. At age 5-6 children eye muscles develop enough that they can move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters. However many preschoolers are farsighted
Adulthood visual
visual change little after childhood until the effects of aging emerge. Researchers have found that visual decline in late adulthood is like to cognitive decline, and having fewer social contacts and emerging in less challenging social/leisure activities. with aging, declines in visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception accords. Several diseases of the eye also may emerge in aging adults. (page 170)
Accommodation of the eye
the eye ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina
color vison
may decline with age in older adults as a result of the yellowing of the lens of the eye. The decline is most likely to occur in the green blue violet part of the color spectrum
Depth perception
changes little after infancy until adults become older. Typically declines in late adulthood, which makes it difficult to tell whether something is close or far or how high and low something is.
Diseases of the eye
3 diseases that can impair the vision of older adults are cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration
cataracts
a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted. Can be minimized by glasses, but if worsens a simple surgical procedure can remove the cloudy lens and replace it with a artificial one. Diabetes is a risk for the development of cataracts
glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye. can be treated with eyedrops. if left untreated it can destroy a persons vision
macular degeneration
a vision problem in the old people that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina. Can be treated with laser eye surgery, but its difficult to treat
Fetus, infant, child hearing
last two months of pregnancy the baby can hear from inside the womb. a recent study confirmed an infant can hear at 33 to 34 weeks by assessing fetal brain response to auditory stimuli. After birth infants cannot hear soft sounds quiet as well as adults. (page 172)
adolescence hearing
Most have excellent hearing. but to those who listens to loud sounds has risk to developing hearing problems.
Adulthood and aging hearing
changes in hearing take place during the adult years until middle adulthood.It’ll start to decline at age 40. page 173-174
touch and pain (infancy)
newborns do respond to touch. they do feel pain (174)
touch and pain (adulthood)
page 174
Smell
newborns can differentiate odors. A decline in sensitivity to odors occurs in the early 20s , continuing through each subsequent decade of life into 90s. A decline in the olfactory system can reduce older adults enjoyment of food and life satisfactions. (page 175)
taste
sensitivity to taste is present before birth. newborns learn taste prenatally through the amniotic fluid and in breast milk after birth. like smell, There is less decline in taste in healthy adults than in unhealthy adults. However when even relativity healthy older adults take medication, their taste sensitivity declines. (page 175)
Intermodal Perception
the ability to integrate info about two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing
Nature/nurture and perceptual development
page 176
