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GI > 4. Anatomy > Flashcards

4. Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract, from innermost to outermost?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, external muscle layers, serosa.

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2
Q

What 3 layers does the mucosa of the GI tract contain? Give 2 functions of each layer.

A

Epithelial layer - selectively permeable barrier, facilitated transport and digestion of food, promotes absorption, produces hormones, produces mucus.
Lamina propria - contains lymphoid nodules and macrophages, produces antibodies (mainly IgA which is resistant to proteases) to protect against bacterial and viral invasion.
Muscularis mucosae - layers of smooth muscle orientated in different directions keeps epithelium in contact with gut contents and helps keep crypt contents dynamic..

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3
Q

What does the submucosal layer of the GI tract contain?

A

Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissue, submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus.

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4
Q

What does the external muscular layer of the GI tract contain?

A

Inner circular muscle, myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, outer longitudinal muscle.

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5
Q

What does the serosal layer of the GI tract contain?

A

Blood and lymphoid vessels and adipose tissue.

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6
Q

What is the serosal layer of the GI tract continuous with?

A

Mesenteries.

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7
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus and distal anus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium.

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is found lining the whole GI tract except the oesophagus and distal anus?

A

Simple columnar.

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9
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

A simple columnar cell.

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10
Q

Where in the GI tract are enterocyte the predominant cell?

A

Small intestine and colon.

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11
Q

What two layers do enterocytes need to transport nutrients through? Therefore what lies immediately below the enterocyte?

A

Apical membrane and basolateral membrane.

Blood vessels and lymphatics.

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12
Q

What is found on the surface of enterocytes?

A

Microvilli.

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13
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Scattered in between enterocytes, increasing in number from the duodenum to the colon.

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14
Q

Give 2 reasons why goblet cells secrete mucus into the GI tract.

A

Act as a lubricant to reduce friction.
To protect against chemical damage due to acidity.
To form a physical barrier to protect against bacterial inflammation.

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15
Q

What cells are found lining the gastric mucosa and gastric pits? What do they secrete?

A

Gastric surface mucous cells (foveolar cells).

Secrete mucus/HCO3 that forms a barrier to stomach acid.

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16
Q

Where in the GI tract are villi found?

A

Small intestine.

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17
Q

Where in the GI tract are crypts found?

A

Small intestine and colon.

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18
Q

Crypts contain specialised cells including stem cells. Where in the crypt are they located and what is their function?

A

Base of crypts.

Constantly divide to replace epithelia every 2-4 days.

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19
Q

Crypts contain specialised cells including paneth cells. Where in the crypt are they located and what is their function?

A

Base of crypts.

Secrete antibacterial proteins to protect the stem cells.

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20
Q

Crypts and gastric glands contain specialised cells including enertoendocrine cells. Where in the crypts are they found and what is their function?

A

Between enterocytes deeper in the crypts and gastric glands.

Secrete hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin, that control the function of the gut.

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21
Q

What is the role of gastrin?

A

Peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid.

22
Q

What is the role of cholecystokinin?

A

Causes the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.

23
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

Secretin helps regulate the pH of the duodenum by inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid from the stomach and stimulating the production of bicarbonate from the pancreas.

24
Q

What disease causes crypt alteration, cryptitis and crypt abscesses (neutrophils in lumen)?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

25
Q

What cells does the glandular tissue in the gut contain?

A

Acini

26
Q

Where are Brunner’s gland found in the GI tract and what do they secrete?

A

Section of duodenum above the sphincter of Oddi.

Secrete mucus and HCO3.

27
Q

What type of secretions tend to be produced by acini?

A

Serous (and enzyme) secretions.

28
Q

What do tubules tend to secrete?

A

Mucous.

29
Q

What happens pathologically in ulceration of the GI tract?

A

Failure of protective mechanisms such as mucus production leads to erosion through the muscularis mucosae.

30
Q

What happens pathologically in coeliac disease?

A

An inability to tolerate gliadin (protein found in wheat) damages the mucosa, leading to poor digestions and malabsorption.

31
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep, including all the muscles (although not all found in the same area)?

A

Skin, fascia/fat (superficial and deep), external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis (3 anterolateral muscles), rectus abdominis, transversalis fascia, peritoneum.

32
Q

What is an aponeurosis? What abdominal muscles have them?

A

Thin, sheet like tendon.

External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis.

33
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

The aponeurosis of the anterolateral abdominal muscles that envelope the midline rectus abdominus muscles.

34
Q

Where is the rectus sheath found above the arcuate line?

A

Surrounding the rectus abdominis.

35
Q

Where is the rectus sheath found below the arcuate line?

A

Anterior to the rectus abdominis. Rectus abdominis rests on the transversalis fascia.

36
Q

Where do the inferior epigastric vessels pierce rectus abdominus?

A

Arcuate line.

37
Q

Where anatomically is the arcuate line found?

A

Roughly half way between umbilicus and pubic crest.

38
Q

What does the mesentery contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, fat.

39
Q

What is a peritoneal ligament?

A

Double fold of peritoneum that connect two viscera together, or a double fold of the peritoneum that connects a viscera to the abdominal wall.

40
Q

What peritoneal ligament connects the stomach to the transverse colon?

A

Gastrocolic ligament

41
Q

What peritoneal ligament connects the stomach to the spleen?

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

42
Q

What peritoneal ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Falciform ligament.

43
Q

What peritoneal ligament connects the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Triangular ligaments.

44
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A double fold of peritoneum that hangs down off the greater curve of the stomach

45
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

Double fold of peritoneum that connects the lesser curve of the stomach to the liver.

46
Q

What are the 3 main purposes of sphincters?

A

Divide the GI tract into sections.
Control movement along the GI tract.
Prevent reflux of material.

47
Q

What are the 7 sphincters of the GI tract, from mouth to anus?

A 
Upper oesophageal.
Lower oesophageal.
Pyloric sphincter.
Sphincter of Oddi.
Ileo-caecal valve.
Internal anal sphincter.
External anal sphincter.
48
Q

Which sphincter in the GI tract is voluntary?

A

External anal sphincter.

49
Q

Where does venous drainage from the GI tract go?

A

To the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

50
Q

What is the venous drainage of foregut, midgut and hindgut structures?

A

Foregut - portal vein.
Midgut - superior mesenteric vein.
Hindgut - inferior mesenteric vein.

GI (15 decks)

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