4 Acute inflammation

Question 1

What are the three outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Healing by regeneration.
Healing by repair.
Chronic inflammation.

Question 2

What is the purpose of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Clear away dead tissues.
Locally protect from infection.
Allow access for immune system.

Question 3

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 3

Calor = heat
Rubor = redness - dilation
Dolor = pain
Tumor = swelling - inflammatory exudate

Question 4

What are the three components of an acute inflammatory response?

Answer 4

Vascular, exudative and cellular reaction.

Question 5

What is the vascular reaction?

Answer 5

Microvascular dilatation decreasing flow and increasing permeability.

Question 6

What is the exudative reaction?

Answer 6

Formation of inflammatory exudate. Protein rich 50g/l (immunoglobulins and fibrinogen).

Question 7

What is the cellular reaction?

Answer 7

Migration of inflammatory cells out of the vessels.

Accumulation of neutrophils in extracellular space.

Question 8

How do neutrophils move?

Answer 8

Extensions form pseudopods which allow pull and heave motion.

Margination, Pavementing, Migration.

Question 9

What does the phagosome of a neutrophil contain?

Answer 9

O2 dependent myeloperoxidase (generates free radicals).

Enzymes: lysozyme, lactoferrin, cationic proteins.

Question 10

What are the cell derived mediators of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

Stored: histamine.
Synthesised: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF, cytokines, NO, chemokines

Question 11

What are the plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation?

Answer 11

Kinin system.
Clotting pathway.
Thrombolytic pathway.
Complement pathway.

Question 12

What are the mediators of the vascular reaction? (5).

Answer 12

Histamine.
Bradykinin. 
NO. 
Leukotriene B4.
Complement.

Question 13

What is the purpose of the exudative reaction?

Answer 13

Dilutes noxious agents, transport, nutrient supply, spread of inflammatory components.