Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OS-II Final > 4 > Flashcards

4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

the relationship between an input to the body and an output action to either a muscle or a secretory organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is Myotatic Reflex?

A

Stretching of a muscle causes stimulation of a muscle receptor => tonic contraction of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do dorsal horn neurons respond to

visceral or somatic stimuli?

A

both
Some dorsal horn neurons respond to
visceral as well as somatic stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the gray matter of the SC?

A

Processing area of cord. The upper 6 are where afferents from the body synapse.

  • Layer 1 and 5: a delta fast pain fibers
  • Layer 2: small c fibers
  • Layer 3-4: mechanoreceptors

Lower layers are interneurons and motoneuron CB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Visceral and somatic afferent fibers terminate mostly in what layers?

A

1 and 5 onto interneurons. The interneurons can then branch off to brain, body and other areas of the cord, acting as amplifiers or inhibitors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why may visceral pain be so diffuse and poorly localized?

A

70-80% of interneurons receive input from both visceral and somatic afferents and many branches go caudad and cephalad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what creates localized pattern we see in pain?

A

interaction between the afferents, interneurons and SOMATIC EFFERENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_________ is the basis for activation of the somatic

muscle activity seen with visceral disturbances

A

overlap between visceral and somatic afferents binding onto interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ______ afferents activate _______ outflows and skeletal muscle motor neurons (ego. Increase tone)

A

visceral afferents

sympathetic outflows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There are descending influences on these reflexes, which do what?

A
  1. they affect the long-lasting excitability of the outflows by maintaining the reflex.
  2. inhibit somatic and autonomic outflows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______ disturbances reflexly cause activation in the somatic musculature.•
Somatic disturbances can reflexly alter visceral function

A

visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does decompensation of homeostasis occur

A

visceral disturbances reflexively cause activation in somatic musculature and somatic disturbances can affect visceral function, which can cause LOSS OF HEALTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Somatic Component of Disease

A

MSK palpatory findings can correlate with visceral disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the path from afferent => efferent?

A

Visceral and somatic afferent fibers terminate. The interneurons can then branch off to brain, body and other areas of the cord, acting as amplifiers or inhibitors. Input then goes to the motorneurons, which can respond to many afferents, of autonomics and MSK system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Facilitated Segment Concept

A

Denslow found long-lasting, low threshold areas that respond to afferent inputs; whether they came from the same level, other levels or were d/t psychological stress and assx with disease or injury on EMG

Korr then said that these low threshold reflexes were hyperexcitation d/t continous input, and coined the term facilitated input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Denslow found long-lasting, low threshold areas that respond to afferent inputs; whether they came from the same level, other levels or were d/t psychological stress.

He correlated these areas of excitation with disease and injury on the EMG.

Korr then said that these low threshold reflexes were hyperexcitation d/t continous input, and coined the term facilitated input.

WHAT DID FURTHER STUDIES SHOW?

A

skeletal muscles respond to spinal cord AND sympathetics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a ubiquitous process of decreasing response of a neural

pathway with a continuous stimulation

A

habituation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when a response to a stimulus presented every sec or 2 grows for 20 seconds or more before finally reaching a stable response level that can continues until the stimulus is removed

A

Sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Habituation and Sensitization exist together to do what

A

help maintain homeostasis between over-reaction and under-reaction to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is Nociception

A

Once a stimulus is strong enough to activate
(depolarize) nociceptive pathways, impulses travel to the cord and then branch to multiple sites, releasing peptides at the motorneuron in the peripheral tissues.

These then initiate inflammatory cascade and releases prostaglandins, bradykinins => which lower nociceptor thresholds =>
increase input to the cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nociception then causes what?

A

a disruption in the balance between sensitization and habituation => causing our interneurons to shift towards sensitrization and become more hyperexitable, which causes larger than normal motor outputs to the autonomics and somatic systems.

22
Q

Korr and Denslow called what the faciliatted segment?

A

the interneurons that shifted towards sensitization that are hyperexcitable, WHICH CAN THEN CAUSE SD

23
Q

Stimulus (insult) to the tissues causes inflammation.

Inflammation then causes primary afferent sensitization, which results in hyperalgesia, the exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus.

If the segmental facilitation is not treated, the patient can develop a secondary hyperalgesia in the CNS called central sensitization.

What is this process called?

A

allostasis, a loss of protective mechanisms

24
Q

ppl who have chronic back spasms with little stimulus have what?

A

they underwent allostasis and developed central sensitization

25
Q

what are the affects of allostasis on the brainstem?

A
  1. Facilitation decreases endogenous descending pathways

2. Damages our arousal system (gluco/catecholamines)

26
Q

Allostasis has effects on what body systems

A
  1. CV: HTN, increased risk of MI,
  2. Neuro: depression, anxiety, mem loss
  3. Immune: immunosupression
27
Q

local visceral stimuli produce patterns in segmentally related somatic structures

A

Viscerosomatic reflexes

28
Q

somatic stimuli produce patterns in somatic structures

A

Somatosomatic

29
Q

somatic stimuli produce patters in segmentally related visceral structures

A

Somatovisceral

30
Q

visceral stimuli, patterns in visceral structures

A

Viscerovisceral

31
Q

What are the viscerosomatic reflexes for head and neck?

sympathetic
parasympathetic

A

T1-T5

32
Q

What are chapmans reflexes?

A

a group of palpable points that are gangliform contractions in the fascia on anterior and posterior parts of the of the body that are congested with lymph d/t visceral SD.

33
Q

Chapmens reflexes were originally used by _________, DO and described by
_________, DO.

A

Frank Chapman, DO

Charles Owens, DO.

34
Q 
When I entered the American
School of Osteopathy in 1897
the prevailing thought in the
school was there was no
sickness without bony lesion.
30 years as an DO in the field have,
however, convinced me that
bony lesions will account for
only about 20% of our
ailments…
A

Frank Chapman said this

35
Q

What observation led Chapman to a more detailed study of the lymphatic system and its role in health and disease

A

Chapman had a patient with severe
adenitis who responded slowly to OMT of the spine.

He noticed that the groin glands and those on the medial side of the thighs were indurated and painful, and he decided to manipulate ONLY these glands. When the patient returned, his improvement was so good he only had to manipulate these areas. of “congested lymph”.

36
Q

Chapman referred to these areas as what?

A

neurolymphatic points, bc that had a

physiological relation to the lymphatic and NS.

37
Q

What are the 3 Components of chapmans points

A
  1. Viscerosomatic reflex
  2. Gangliform contractions that block lymph drainage and cause SNS dysfunction
  3. they are consistent points on the anterior and posterior part of the body that correspond to a specific organ or condition
38
Q

what are the 5 palpatory features as described by owens

A
  1. gangliform
  2. edamatous
  3. ridge like or ropy
    4 shotty
  4. fibrospongy
39
Q

chapments points are

located _____ to the skin in the
subcutaneous areolar tissu

____ mm

Hard?

size?

A

deep
2-3 mm
DENSE, not hard
small, smooth and firm like boba tea

40
Q

how to diagnose chapmans points

A
  1. apply GENTLE but FIRM pressure, causing deep pain (some may show no pain but have a palpable mass). normal tissue should only cause mild distress
  2. check anterior first, then confirm with posteior
  3. PAIN SHOULD BE: pinpoint, sharp, NON-radiating, pain greater than expected
41
Q

is pt usually aaware of chapmans point

A

no

42
Q

how to treate chapmans points

A
  1. apply firm pressure w 1 finger that is heavy and even on the mass.
  2. move finger in a circular motion for 10-30 seconds alternating clockwise and counter
  3. stop when mass disappears or when pt can not tolerate
43
Q

For a CR point to be
positive, both the anterior and the
posterior CR should be painful

T or F

A

T

44
Q

what is an indication for diagnosis?

A

screen if needed based off patients history

45
Q

what is an indication for tx?

A

finding a CR that is possibly clinically relevant to the patient

46
Q

can we make a diagnosis based on a non-tender CR?

A

NO. NEVER. It tells us nothing

47
Q

can we ignore a tender CR?

A

NO. unless you have a GOOD EXPLANATION

48
Q

what is an absolte contraindication for Chapmans points

A

pt needs emergent care (Thus, focus on airway, breathing and circulation) or refuses

49
Q

What is a RELATIVE contraindication for chapmans

A

local fracture, metastasis, or other instability.

50
Q

Documentation of Chapman’s reflexes

A

OBJ: Musculoskeletal: Chapman’s reflex on right for lower lung

Assessment: Somatic dysfunction, other (ICD10 M99.09)

Plan: OMT done using Soft Tissue, Lymphatic

51
Q

after tx, what should we tell paitents

A

drink water, rest (ALWAYS A precaution) and take normal pain meds as needed

OS-II Final (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions