4 Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Historical roots
A
ancient world “phytopathology” have been around for millenniums.
2
Q
Hippocrates
A
mental illness caused by imbalance of four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile)
3
Q
Middle ages
A
abnormal behavior was due to spirit possession, with treatment of choice being exorcism
4
Q
Renaissance
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abnormal behavior was due to witchcraft, if accused would most likely die.
5
Q
18th century
A
mental disorders are diseases of the mind.
6
Q
Psychopathology
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the study of abnormal behavior
7
Q
Psychological disorders
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any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others or harms their ability to function every day.
8
Q
Situational context
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the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior
9
Q
Maladaptive thinking or behavior
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anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life
10
Q
Working definition of abnormality
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Part of a continuum ranging from absence of disorder to severe disorder
11
Q
Lawyers and judges
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Determine how law should address crimes committed under the influence of mental illness
12
Q
Psychologists/psychiatrists
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Assess behavior’s abnormality
Do not determine sanity
13
Q
Biological Model
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Explains behavior as caused by biological changes
Chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
14
Q
Psychodynamic view
A
Disordered behavior results from repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns in the unconscious mind
15
Q
Behaviorists view
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Abnormal behavior are learned responses and environmental conditions
16
Q
Cognitive theorists
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Abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
17
Q
Biopsychosocial Model
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Incorporates elements of all models
18
Q
The Pros and Cons of Labels
A
PRO
Labels make up a common language in the mental health community
Allow psychological professionals to communicate clearly and efficiently
Labels establish distinct diagnostic categories enabling good treatment
CON
Labels can bias judgment
“psychology student syndrome”- after looking over the symptoms, having a tendency to diagnose yourself and even others with various conditions
19
Q
Anxiety Disorders:
A
Main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
Approximately 40 million American adults ages 18 and older, or about 18.1 percent of people in this age group in a given year
Anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with depressive disorders or substance abuse.
20
Q
Free-floating anxiety
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Anxiety unrelated to any realistic, known source
21
Q
Phobia
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an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
22
Q
social phobia
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fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation
23
Q
specific phobia
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fear of objects or specific situations or events
24
Q
Claustrophobia
A
fear of being in a small, enclosed space
25
Acrophobia
fear of heights
26
Agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
27
Panic disorder
disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life
28
Panic attack
sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
29
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety
| Relieved by performing a repetitive, ritu alistic behavior (compulsion)
30
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Experience feelings of dread and impending doom
Physical symptoms of stress
Symptoms lasts six months or more
31
Acute Stress Disorder (ADD)
a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event
Symptoms occur within 4 weeks of the traumatic event
Include anxiety, dissociative symptoms
32
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Symptoms of ASD that last longer than one month
Symptoms may not occur until 6 months or later after event
Women are 2x more likely to develop these disorders
33
Cause of anxiety disorder Psychoanalytic:
Repressed urges and desires trying to enter conscious
Create anxiety controlled by
the abnormal behavior
34
Cause of anxiety disorder Behaviorists
Disordered behavior is learned through reinforcement
35
Cause of anxiety disorder Biological explanations
Lower levels of GABA and serotonin may reduce ability to calm reactions to stress
Panic disorder related to possible defect in serotonin binding to receptors
Chemical imbalances may have a genetic component
36
Cause of anxiety disorder psychologists
Anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes
Magnification
Interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they are
37
All-or-nothing thinking
Believe one’s performance must be perfect or result will be a total failure
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Overgeneralization
Interpret a single negative event as pattern of defeat and failure
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Minimization
Give little importance to one’s successes or positive events
40
Major depression symptoms
```
Severe form of depression
Comes on suddenly
Seems to have no external cause
Risk of suicide
Most common of diagnosed mood disorders
Twice as common in women as men
```
41
Causes of Mood Disorders Psychoanalytic theories
Anger at authority figures from childhood turned inward on the self (relational disturbances)
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Causes of Mood Disorders Learning theories
link depression to learned helplessness (environmental stressors)
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Causes of Mood Disorders Cognitive theories
See depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking, negative attributions
44
Causes of Mood Disorders Biological theories
Examine function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems
Genetics
Structural brain changes
45
Anorexia nervosa
In their lifetime, an estimated 0.6 percent of the adult population in the U.S. will suffer from anorexia
Individual reduces eating and experiences severe weight loss due to starvation
46
Bulimia nervosa “ox-hunger”:
In their lifetime, an estimated 1.0 percent of the adult population in the U.S. will suffer from bulimia
Cycle of “bingeing” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting (e.g. 20,000 calories at once; 3500 cal= 1 pound)
Using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain
47
Schizophrenia
severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality
48
Altered Perception
* Senses may be enhanced or blunted
| * Hallucinations—false, imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli (most common is auditory)
49
Altered Language and Thought
* Disorganized and bizarre thoughts and logic
* Word salad, neologisms
* Delusions—mistaken beliefs based on misrepresentations of reality
50
Altered Emotion
* Exaggerated and fluctuate rapidly
* Blunted and decreased intensity
* Flattened affect
51
Altered Behavior
• Social withdrawal
• Unusual actions with a special meaning
• Cataleptic--prolonged maintenance of a fixed body posture
• Waxy flexibility--a patient's limbs retain any position into which they are manipulated
Delusional disorder: a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions
52
Delusional disorder
a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions (may or may not be schizophrenia)
53
hallucination
false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist
positive:
• Excesses of normal behavior
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Outlook for recovery is generally good
```
negative:
loss or absence of normal behavior
impaired attention
limited or toneless speech
social withdraw
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54
hallucinations biological factor
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine hypothesis - overactivity of dopamine
neurons may contribute to some forms of schizophrenia
55
hallucination Brain abnormalities:
• Larger cerebral ventricles
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hallucination Psychosocial Factors:
* Stress-vulnerability model (Diathesis-stress model)—people inherit a predisposition that increases their risk for mental disorders if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences
* Critical and hostile families
* Families with communication disorders
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hallucination Personality Disorders:
* Persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior
| * Behavior interferes with normal social interactions
58
Ten types of personality disorders falling in three groups
* Odd and eccentric (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal)
* Dramatic and emotional (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic)
* Fearful and anxious (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)
59
Antisocial personality disorder (approximately 1% of adults over 18)
* Disregard for social rules, cultural norms, the consequences of behavior, the rights of others
* Guiltless, exploitive, intrusive, and self-indulgent
* Lack of conscience, impulsive, superficial charm
60
Antisocial personality disorder Biological
* Genetic factors may be involved
* Lower than normal stress hormones in antisocial personality
* May be responsible for their low responsiveness to threatening stimuli
Other Possibilities
• Disturbances in family communications and relationships
• Childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting, parental rejection
61
Psychotherapy
improve psychological functioning by building coping strategies and promote adjustment to life
62
Insight
Psychoanalysis (Freud)
psychodynamic
Cognitive
Rational emotive behavior therapy (Beck)
Group family and marital
63
Behavior
Classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
```
operant conditioning
shaping
reinforcement
punishment
extinction
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observational learning
modeling
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Biomedical
Psychopharmacology
electroconvulsive therapy
psychosurgery
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Biomedical therapy
uses physiological interventions, such as drugs to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders
basked on the premise that chemical imbalances or disturbed nervous system function are involved in mental heather problems
66
3 major forms of biomedical therapy
psychopharmacology
electroconvulsive therapy ECT
psychosurgery
67
four major categories of drugs used to control or relieve symptoms of psychological disorders
anti anxiety
antipsychotic
mood stabilizer
antidepressant
68
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):
based on passing electrical current through the brain. Used almost exclusively to treat severe depression when drug therapy fails
69
Psychosurgery:
operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment
70
Psychopharmacology
May provide relief (but not always), not a cure, Physical dependence, Side and long-term effects
71
• Tardive dyskinesia
movement disorder involving facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; possible side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications
72
Four major forms of insight therapy (definition
Variety of therapies seeking to improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness of underlying motives and improvement in thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior
Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
Cognitive
Humanistic
Group, Family, &Marital
73
Characteristics of psycho therapies
psychodynamic therapy - goal - freud
person centered therapy - insight - rogers
Gestalt therapy - insight - Perls
Behavior therapy - action -watson jones skinner bandura
cognitive therapy - action - Beck
CBT-action- various
REBT- action - ellis
74
Goals of Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapies:
Psychoanalysis: Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness
75
Five Major Techniques of Psychoanalysis:
1. Free association
2. Dream analysis
• Manifest content-actual dream
• Latent content-symbolic meaning
3. Analyzing resistance-reluctance to talk about certain topics
4. Analyzing transference-therapist
76
Evaluation of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic:
* Criticisms: lack of scientific credibility, over-emphasis on sexual problems
* Modern Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious processes and current problems
77
Cognitive Therapy
focuses on helping clients recognize though distortions and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with realistic ones
• Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk the internal dialogue; the things people say to themselves when they interpret events.
78
Cognitive Restructuring
process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations
79
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy-
combines cognitive therapy (changes faulty thinking) with behavior therapy (changing faulty behavior)
80
Two Major Cognitive Therapies
1. Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) attempts to eliminate self-defeating beliefs through rational examination of irrational beliefs by directly challenging the clients
2. Aaron Beck-identified 5 common though distortions
• Arbitrary inference (jumping to conclusions)
• Selective thinking (focus on one aspect)
• Overgeneralization (draw big conclusions from one incident)
• Magnification (blowing out for proportion)
• Personalization (taking responsibility for events that were not you’re doing)
Evaluating Cognitive Therapies
Highly effective for
Depression
Anxiety disorders
Bulimia nervosa
Anger management
Addiction
Procrastination
Insomnia
Criticisms:
Ignoring unconscious processes
Overemphasis on rationality
Minimizing the importance of the past
Focus on symptoms not causes
81
Subjective Discomfort
emotional distress or discomfort
