3rd year Flashcards
what elements are present in carbohydrates
carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
what elements are present in proteins
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
what elements are present in fats
carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
what are carbohydrates used for
used for energy
what are proteins used for
growth and repair
what are fats used for
to build nerve tissue
what are the enzymes that break carbohydrates down called
carbohydrase
what is the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
amylase
what are carbohydrates broken down into
maltose then fructose and glucose
what are the enzymes that break down proteins called
protease
what are proteins broken down into
amino acids
what are enzymes that break down fats called
lipids
which enzymes breaks down fats
lipase
what are fats broken down into
glycerol + fatty acids
what is the test for glucose
- add benedicts solution to sample
- heat in a water bath for 5 minutes
- if solution turns from blue to brick-red then glucose is present
what is the test for starch
- add drops of iodine solution to sample
- if colour changes from orange to blue/black then starch is present
what is an enzyme
a special biological catalyst that speed up reaction
what are enzymes made of
large protein molecules
what is the active site
a long chain of amino acids that the substrate binds to
how does an enzyme work
- the substrate bind the active site of the enzyme
- the substrate then splits into its products and disconnects from the active site
- the enzymes can be re used
what is a metabolism
the sum of all the reactions in a cell or body
how are enzymes affected by temperature
- As the rate of temperature increases the rate of enzyme controlled reaction also increases
- after 37°C the enzyme start to denature meaning the long chain of amino acids start to deform and the substrate can no longer bind to it
how are enzymes affected by Ph
- as Ph value increases past the optimum Ph value for that enzyme then the shape of the active site alters
- causing the substrate to longer bind
what is diffusion
the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
what is osmosis
the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration (dilute) to an area of lower concentration (concentrated) through a partially permeable membrane
what is the active transport
the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration against a concentration gradient
what is the thorax
the area of the body between the chest and the abdomen (chest area)
what do the ribs do
protect the organs
what do the intercostal muscles do
control rib movement and contract when breathing in and relax when breathing out
what does the diaphragm do
a muscle that seperates the chest cavity from the rest of the body and contracts when breathing in and relaxes when breathing out
what do the bronchi do
distributes air to the lungs
what is the trachea
a tube of cartilage that allows oxygen air to enter the body and carbon dioxide to leave
what are the bronchioles
when the bronchi splits up allowing for air to be transported deeper into the lungs
what are the alveoli
tiny air sacs which allow oxygen to move in and carbon dioxide to move out
what are the pleural membranes
gives the lungs cushioning allowing it to be easier to breathe
how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange
- large surface area
- cell walls one cell thick
- walls are permeable
what factors of smoking affect your circulatory system
. nicotine
. tar
. carbon monoxide
how does nicotine affect your circulatory system
nicotine narrows blood vessels and increases heart rate leading to increase in increase in blood pressure which can lead to strokes or heart attacks
how does carbon monoxide affect your circulatory system
binds to haemoglobin and prevents oxygen being transported and can lead to strokes
how does tar affect your circulatory system
can increase chances for cancerous cells to develop
what is respiration
a chemical reaction that all living organism carry out in order to receive energy
what are the 2 types of respiration
anaerobic and aerobic
what is the equation for respiration
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
what is the balanced chemical equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
- aerobic requires oxygen
- aerobic is the complete breakdown of glucose
- anaerobic respiration release less energy than aerobic
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants
glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide
what is a balanced diet made up of
carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, water, vitamins (A-C-D) , minerals and dietary fibre
what is the function of carbohydrates
energy
source: pasta
what is the function of lipids
long term energy store
source: butter
what is the function of proteins
growth and repair
source: meat
what is the function of water
needed for chemical reactions
source: juices
what is the function of vitamin A
needed for good vision
source : liver
what is the function of vitamin C
helps form collagen
source: citrus fruits
what is the function of vitamin D
helps body to absorb calcium
source: dairy products
what are the parts of the human alimentary canal
mouth
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
what does the mouth do
helps break down large food molecules into smaller ones, which increases the surface area to volume ratio
. amylase in the saliva digest starch into maltose
what does the oesophagus do
tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
what does the stomach do
churns food to digest it and uses hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and provide the optimum Ph for enzymes to work
what does the small intestine do
digested food is absorb into the blood stream
what does the large intestine do
absorbs excess water to produce faeces
what does the pancreas do
produces lipase, protease and amlayse
what does the liver do
excess amino acids are broken down to make urea and produces bile to break down fats into smaller molecules
what does bile do
helps with digestion and breaks down fats (emulsifies) to make them easier to be digested by enzyymes
what is ingestion
the taking in of substance
what is digestion
the break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules
what is absorbtion
the movement of small food molecules and ions into the blood stream
what is assimilation
the movement of digested food molecules into the body
what is egestion
the passing out of food that has not been digested by the body through the anus
what is the peristalsis
the constriction and relaxation of muscles within the alimentary canal to move food molecules
what are the two muscles involved in peristalsis
- circular ( increase diameter)
- longitudinal (increase length)
what is the villus
absorbs nutrients from the lumen in the small intestine
how is the villus adapted for gas exchange
- large surface area to volume ratio
- only one cell thick
- there are many of them
