3rd quiz study guide - chapters 7,8,10 Flashcards
acute pain
short-term pain
-way of describing pain based on its origin
definitions of pain
-The fundamentally psychological experience of a sense of discomfort related to tissue injury/damage
-Nociception-nociceptors + subjective psychological experience
nociception
-the activation of specialized nerve fibers and receptors (nociceptors) in response to noxious or harmful stimuli
-The nociceptors signal the occurrence of tissue damage, but this does not always lead to the experience of pain, which involves subjective psychological processing as well
-When our bodies detect a noxious stimulus, the autonomic nervous system jumps into action and the heart beats faster, blood pressure rises, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis is activated
chronic pain
long-term pain
-way of describing pain based on its duration
-pain lasts longer than 3-6 months
-can develop from an episode of acute pain
-effective treatment should have psychology as a cornerstone component
neuropathic pain
pure nociception without significant psychological pain
-way of describing pain based on its origin
psychogenic pain
psychological pain without a physiological basis
-way of describing pain based on its origin
somatic pain
physiological pain without specific tissue damage
-way of describing pain based on its origin
vital sign
-one of the 5 basic measurements that doctors get from patients
-most hospitals in North America consider pain to be a vital sign
diathesis stress model
-Flor, Birbaumer, and Turk (1990)
-predisposing factors, such as a reduced threshold of nociception, precipitating stimuli, such as an injury, and maintaining processes, such as the expectation that the pain will persist, are all important in explaining pain
measures of pain
-basic scales
-interviews
-pictorial measures
-The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)
-The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
-The Short Form with 36 Questions (SF-36)
-Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
-simply just observing behavior
physiological pain management techniques
-chemical (ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, morphine, etc.)
-stimulation (acupuncture, surgical electrical nerve transmission, stimulation-produced analgesia
psychological pain management techniques
-self-regulation (biofeedback, relaxation, meditation, guided imagery)
-other (hypnosis, distraction, long-term self management)
chronic pain techniques
-The management of chronic pain often calls for additional techniques. The most common are self-management programs for pain in which patients are empowered to control their experiences to alleviate their pain
intention
-a person’s subjective probability that he or she will perform the behavior in question
-It is essentially an estimate of the probability of your doing something
-major component of theory of planned behavior
-behavior, as a result of intention, is determined by attitude toward the action, subjective norms about the action, perceived control/self-efficacy
efficacy vs effectiveness
-effectiveness - in the real world; performance under real-world circumstances
-efficacy - in the research environment; performance of intervention under controlled and ideal circumstances
healthy people 2030
-most important health behaviors established as leading health indicators
-science-based, national 10-year objectives for promoting health and preventing disease
-effort to increase quality of life and eliminate health disparities
behavioral intervention
-aimed to stop or prevent behaviors that harm health
-intervention development should have clear connection to a theoretical model
-ecological level of intervention should match desired outcome
normative beliefs
-affect the social context that supports a given behavior, and is thus a predictor of intention
self-efficacy
-belief that you control a behavior and the outcome
-component of what drives intention
theory of planned behavior
-focus on intention
-things you want to do/plan - a more prescriptive model
-measurements take into account: Specific activity, action, environmental context, and timeframe
-predictors of intention include attitude about behavior, the social context that supports this behavior, and locus of control/self-efficacy
health belief model
-emphasizes how we have beliefs about behaviors and how they affect our well-being
-beliefs can be observed/learned
-part of value-expectancy theory
-main components: belief in threat + belief in effectiveness of behavior
-for this model to work, person has to believe that they are at risk for of a negative health outcome
health action process approach
-builds on theory of planned behavior and the health belief model
-two phases: decision + action
-pays attention to barriers + resources that underly action
transtheoretical model
-6 stages:
-1. pre-contemplation: not aware of problem / no intention to change
-2. contemplation: aware, but hasn’t done anything yet, cost-benefit analysis
-3. preparation: intention to change, gathers supplies and makes plan
4. action: engage in behavior change
To count as action, it must have outcome above threshold associated with better health
5. maintenance: continued attention to change in behavior but with less effort or focus if action goal status persists,
Attention to triggers for relapse of unwanted behavior
6. termination: rarely achieved, no longer attempted to engage in unwanted behavior or reduce level of wanted behavior, goal completed with no additional effort, less common in some goals vs others
Less than 20% of people reach this phase
what is a health behavior
-a thing you do that improves or worsens health status
-something that you have some control over, to a certain extent
-observable and measurable
how are health behaviors measured?
-measurements can vary in reliability
-measure of the behavior itself and its outcome
-daily diary approach, frequency/duration
what are the best practices in designing interventions to address health behaviors?
-research fidelity and connecting that to intervention dosage
-considering if interventions have effectiveness and not just efficacy
-intervention should have clear connection to a theoretical model
-is culturally appropriate
-should target/identify people high at risk of a certain health outcome
substance use disorder
-a disease that affects a person’s brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication
-when you’re addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes
recovery / treating SUD
-harm reduction
-medication assisted treatment
-contingency management
-motivational enhancement therapy
-relapse is a normal part of the recovery process
BMI
-body mass index
food guide pyramid
-UDSA nutrition tool
-USDA introduced the “Basic Seven” in 1943 to promote public nutrition education and to help people cope with limited supplies of certain foods during World War II.
obesity
-defined by BMI of 30 or more
-is associated with risks but isn’t a problem on it’s own
-obesity itself does not cause disease, but rather the factors such as diet and physical activity that can affect both disease and obesity
-highly stigmatized and complex
-difficult to reverse
physical activity / excercise
-benefits: reduces risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, some cancers, increase cardiovascular health, immune system, cognition
strengthen bones, good for mood (releases endorphins), sleep, appetite, increases life expectancy
-measure: intensity, duration, frequency/consistency
anorexia nervosa
-significant and persistent reduction of food intake
-relentless pursuit of thinness
-distortion of body image and fear of gaining weight
bulimia nervosa
-binge/purge cycle
-can fall within normal weight range
-fear of gaining weight
binge eating disorder
-binge eating episodes in which people feel a loss of control over the eating
-people are often overweight/obese
eating disorder stats
-9% of the U.S. population, or 28.8 million Americans, will have an eating disorder in their lifetime.2
-Less than 6% of people with eating disorders are medically diagnosed as “underweight.”1
-Eating disorders are among the deadliest mental illnesses, second only to opioid overdose.1
-10,200 deaths each year are the direct result of an eating disorder—that’s one death every 52 minutes.2
-About 26% of people with eating disorders attempt suicide.1
-The economic cost of eating disorders is $64.7 billion every year.2
treating eating disorders
-cognitive behavioral therapy
-maudsley family-based therapy
-interpersonal psychotherapy
screenings
- cancer screenings used to be routine medical care for adults –> imperfect tests no longer routinely performed
-false positives and unnecessary procedures
-demographic differences
-interventions that increase screening rates: Mobile clinics, Community based interventions, Involve social support, Educational interventions
accidents
-1.3 million ppl each year die from car accidents
-disproportionate affect on vulnerable populations
-prevention measures in each age group
sleep
-we should get 7 or more hours of sleep per night
-associated outcomes: increased immunity, less risk for weight gain, boosts mental wellbeing, prevents diabetes, increases sex drive, wards off heart disease, increases fertility
vaccination
-routine childhood immunizations
vaccine hesitancy
-not sure about getting vaccines
-delaying vaccines
-interventions to vaccine hesitancy include employer mandates, community-based interventions, and educational interventions
vaccine resistance
-anti-vaccination stance for self / others
-high level of misinformation associated with anti-vaccination movement that believes that vaccinations can cause illness, autism, or infertility
How do cultural factors/differences influence body ideals?
-different cultures value different body types
-male vs female body ideals
-western vs non-western ideals
What are some barriers to good nutrition?
-SES and prices, education, geography/location, what’s available vs what’s not
What is harm reduction?
-meeting people where they are at / their needs
-a range of practices to help make using the substance safer / lessen the negative outcomes
What is medically assisted treatment?
-use of medications in combination with behavioral therapy and counseling for treatment of SUD
How do we try to prevent SUD?
-addressing vulnerable groups, such as younger age groups / students
-universal programs
-selective programs
-indicated programs
risk factors SUD
-aggressive behavior in childhood
-lack of parental supervision
-availability of drugs at school
-community poverty
health outcomes associated with SUD
-cardiovascular disease
-stroke
-cancer
-HIV/AIDS
-mental health disorders
nutrition
-consuming too much or too little of certain nutrients can be dangerous
