3rd quiz study guide - chapters 7,8,10

Question 1

acute pain

Answer 1

short-term pain
-way of describing pain based on its origin

Question 2

definitions of pain

Answer 2

-The fundamentally psychological experience of a sense of discomfort related to tissue injury/damage
-Nociception-nociceptors + subjective psychological experience

Question 3

nociception

Answer 3

-the activation of specialized nerve fibers and receptors (nociceptors) in response to noxious or harmful stimuli
-The nociceptors signal the occurrence of tissue damage, but this does not always lead to the experience of pain, which involves subjective psychological processing as well
-When our bodies detect a noxious stimulus, the autonomic nervous system jumps into action and the heart beats faster, blood pressure rises, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis is activated

Question 4

chronic pain

Answer 4

long-term pain
-way of describing pain based on its duration
-pain lasts longer than 3-6 months
-can develop from an episode of acute pain
-effective treatment should have psychology as a cornerstone component

Question 5

neuropathic pain

Answer 5

pure nociception without significant psychological pain
-way of describing pain based on its origin

Question 6

psychogenic pain

Answer 6

psychological pain without a physiological basis
-way of describing pain based on its origin

Question 7

somatic pain

Answer 7

physiological pain without specific tissue damage
-way of describing pain based on its origin

Question 8

vital sign

Answer 8

-one of the 5 basic measurements that doctors get from patients
-most hospitals in North America consider pain to be a vital sign

Question 9

diathesis stress model

Answer 9

-Flor, Birbaumer, and Turk (1990)
-predisposing factors, such as a reduced threshold of nociception, precipitating stimuli, such as an injury, and maintaining processes, such as the expectation that the pain will persist, are all important in explaining pain

Question 10

measures of pain

Answer 10

-basic scales
-interviews
-pictorial measures
-The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)
-The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
-The Short Form with 36 Questions (SF-36)
-Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
-simply just observing behavior

Question 11

physiological pain management techniques

Answer 11

-chemical (ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, morphine, etc.)
-stimulation (acupuncture, surgical electrical nerve transmission, stimulation-produced analgesia

Question 12

psychological pain management techniques

Answer 12

-self-regulation (biofeedback, relaxation, meditation, guided imagery)
-other (hypnosis, distraction, long-term self management)

Question 13

chronic pain techniques

Answer 13

-The management of chronic pain often calls for additional techniques. The most common are self-management programs for pain in which patients are empowered to control their experiences to alleviate their pain

Question 14

intention

Answer 14

-a person’s subjective probability that he or she will perform the behavior in question
-It is essentially an estimate of the probability of your doing something
-major component of theory of planned behavior
-behavior, as a result of intention, is determined by attitude toward the action, subjective norms about the action, perceived control/self-efficacy

Question 15

efficacy vs effectiveness

Answer 15

-effectiveness - in the real world; performance under real-world circumstances
-efficacy - in the research environment; performance of intervention under controlled and ideal circumstances

Question 16

healthy people 2030

Answer 16

-most important health behaviors established as leading health indicators
-science-based, national 10-year objectives for promoting health and preventing disease
-effort to increase quality of life and eliminate health disparities

Question 17

behavioral intervention

Answer 17

-aimed to stop or prevent behaviors that harm health
-intervention development should have clear connection to a theoretical model
-ecological level of intervention should match desired outcome

Question 18

normative beliefs

Answer 18

-affect the social context that supports a given behavior, and is thus a predictor of intention

Question 19

self-efficacy

Answer 19

-belief that you control a behavior and the outcome
-component of what drives intention

Question 20

theory of planned behavior

Answer 20

-focus on intention
-things you want to do/plan - a more prescriptive model
-measurements take into account: Specific activity, action, environmental context, and timeframe
-predictors of intention include attitude about behavior, the social context that supports this behavior, and locus of control/self-efficacy

Question 21

health belief model

Answer 21

-emphasizes how we have beliefs about behaviors and how they affect our well-being
-beliefs can be observed/learned
-part of value-expectancy theory
-main components: belief in threat + belief in effectiveness of behavior
-for this model to work, person has to believe that they are at risk for of a negative health outcome

Question 22

health action process approach

Answer 22

-builds on theory of planned behavior and the health belief model
-two phases: decision + action
-pays attention to barriers + resources that underly action

Question 23

transtheoretical model

Answer 23

-6 stages:
-1. pre-contemplation: not aware of problem / no intention to change
-2. contemplation: aware, but hasn’t done anything yet, cost-benefit analysis
-3. preparation: intention to change, gathers supplies and makes plan
4. action: engage in behavior change
To count as action, it must have outcome above threshold associated with better health
5. maintenance: continued attention to change in behavior but with less effort or focus if action goal status persists,
Attention to triggers for relapse of unwanted behavior
6. termination: rarely achieved, no longer attempted to engage in unwanted behavior or reduce level of wanted behavior, goal completed with no additional effort, less common in some goals vs others
Less than 20% of people reach this phase

Question 24

what is a health behavior

Answer 24

-a thing you do that improves or worsens health status
-something that you have some control over, to a certain extent
-observable and measurable

Question 25

how are health behaviors measured?

Answer 25

-measurements can vary in reliability
-measure of the behavior itself and its outcome
-daily diary approach, frequency/duration

Question 26

what are the best practices in designing interventions to address health behaviors?

Answer 26

-research fidelity and connecting that to intervention dosage
-considering if interventions have effectiveness and not just efficacy
-intervention should have clear connection to a theoretical model
-is culturally appropriate
-should target/identify people high at risk of a certain health outcome

Question 27

substance use disorder

Answer 27

-a disease that affects a person’s brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication
-when you’re addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes

Question 28

recovery / treating SUD

Answer 28

-harm reduction
-medication assisted treatment
-contingency management
-motivational enhancement therapy
-relapse is a normal part of the recovery process

Question 29

BMI

Answer 29

-body mass index

Question 30

food guide pyramid

Answer 30

-UDSA nutrition tool
-USDA introduced the “Basic Seven” in 1943 to promote public nutrition education and to help people cope with limited supplies of certain foods during World War II.

Question 31

obesity

Answer 31

-defined by BMI of 30 or more
-is associated with risks but isn’t a problem on it’s own
-obesity itself does not cause disease, but rather the factors such as diet and physical activity that can affect both disease and obesity
-highly stigmatized and complex
-difficult to reverse

Question 32

physical activity / excercise

Answer 32

-benefits: reduces risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, some cancers, increase cardiovascular health, immune system, cognition
strengthen bones, good for mood (releases endorphins), sleep, appetite, increases life expectancy
-measure: intensity, duration, frequency/consistency

Question 33

anorexia nervosa

Answer 33

-significant and persistent reduction of food intake
-relentless pursuit of thinness
-distortion of body image and fear of gaining weight

Question 34

bulimia nervosa

Answer 34

-binge/purge cycle
-can fall within normal weight range
-fear of gaining weight

Question 35

binge eating disorder

Answer 35

-binge eating episodes in which people feel a loss of control over the eating
-people are often overweight/obese

Question 36

eating disorder stats

Answer 36

-9% of the U.S. population, or 28.8 million Americans, will have an eating disorder in their lifetime.2
-Less than 6% of people with eating disorders are medically diagnosed as “underweight.”1
-Eating disorders are among the deadliest mental illnesses, second only to opioid overdose.1
-10,200 deaths each year are the direct result of an eating disorder—that’s one death every 52 minutes.2
-About 26% of people with eating disorders attempt suicide.1
-The economic cost of eating disorders is $64.7 billion every year.2

Question 37

treating eating disorders

Answer 37

-cognitive behavioral therapy
-maudsley family-based therapy
-interpersonal psychotherapy

Question 38

screenings

Answer 38

• cancer screenings used to be routine medical care for adults –> imperfect tests no longer routinely performed
  -false positives and unnecessary procedures
  -demographic differences
  -interventions that increase screening rates: Mobile clinics, Community based interventions, Involve social support, Educational interventions

Question 39

accidents

Answer 39

-1.3 million ppl each year die from car accidents
-disproportionate affect on vulnerable populations
-prevention measures in each age group

Question 40

sleep

Answer 40

-we should get 7 or more hours of sleep per night
-associated outcomes: increased immunity, less risk for weight gain, boosts mental wellbeing, prevents diabetes, increases sex drive, wards off heart disease, increases fertility

Question 41

vaccination

Answer 41

-routine childhood immunizations

Question 42

vaccine hesitancy

Answer 42

-not sure about getting vaccines
-delaying vaccines
-interventions to vaccine hesitancy include employer mandates, community-based interventions, and educational interventions

Question 43

vaccine resistance

Answer 43

-anti-vaccination stance for self / others
-high level of misinformation associated with anti-vaccination movement that believes that vaccinations can cause illness, autism, or infertility

Question 44

How do cultural factors/differences influence body ideals?

Answer 44

-different cultures value different body types
-male vs female body ideals
-western vs non-western ideals

Question 45

What are some barriers to good nutrition?

Answer 45

-SES and prices, education, geography/location, what’s available vs what’s not

Question 46

What is harm reduction?

Answer 46

-meeting people where they are at / their needs
-a range of practices to help make using the substance safer / lessen the negative outcomes

Question 47

What is medically assisted treatment?

Answer 47

-use of medications in combination with behavioral therapy and counseling for treatment of SUD

Question 48

How do we try to prevent SUD?

Answer 48

-addressing vulnerable groups, such as younger age groups / students
-universal programs
-selective programs
-indicated programs

Question 49

risk factors SUD

Answer 49

-aggressive behavior in childhood
-lack of parental supervision
-availability of drugs at school
-community poverty

Question 50

health outcomes associated with SUD

Answer 50

-cardiovascular disease
-stroke
-cancer
-HIV/AIDS
-mental health disorders

Question 51

nutrition

Answer 51

-consuming too much or too little of certain nutrients can be dangerous