3rd quiz psyc 360 Flashcards
sensory memory
storage; iconic memory, echoic memory
short term memory
Primary memory: focus of your consciousness, something you are thinking about
long term memory
secondary memory: out of focus of your current consciousness, but you can recall it if you want
aspects of short term memory
(1) Capacity & chunking (Miller, Magical # seven plus or minus two)
(2) Retrieval from STM (Sternberg)
(3) Coding (phonetic and visual)
(4) Forgetting (Decay & interference)
(a) Ebbinghaus
(b) Brown & Peterson, Proactive interference(PI), Release from PI
(5) Recall and recognition (serial position effect)
(6) Transferring
Rehearsal (Maintenance & elaborative)
chunk
a unit in stm
chunking
grouping of information
parallel search
check all items at once RT is not affected by set size.
serial search
check one item at a time RT increases as set size increases.
self-terminating search
stop search when a target is found slope ratio between positive and negative trials is 1 to 2
exhaustive search
continue search till the end of the list slope ratio is 1 to 1
decay
forgetting is caused by decay of memory traces over time
interference
forgetting is caused by other memories interfering with the retention of the target memory
proactive interference (PI)
old items interfere with new items (negative transfer)
retroactive interference (RI)
new items interfere with old items
release from PI
reduction of PI due to change of category of memory items
recognition
retrieval of information with cues (e.g., multiple choice test)
recall
retrieval of information without cues (e.g., fill in the blanks, essay)
serial recall
recall in the presented order
free recall
order free recall recognition is usually better than recall.
serial position effect
the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
primary effect
recall is better for items in the beginning of the list retrieval from LTM
recency effect
recall is better for items in the end of the list retrieval from STM
rehearsal prevention task
to use up short term memory prevent rehearsal
(e.g., backward counting. if the primary effect is due to retrieval from LTM and the recency effect is due to retrieval from STM, then a rehearsal prevention task should eliminate the recency effect without affecting the primary effect.)
selective attention
items that receive selective attention are sent to STM
STM
current focus of consciousness
rehearsal
repetition of stimuli in STM
Transfer learning
the more the stimuli are rehearsed, the more it is likely to be sent to LTM
LTM
permanent storage of information
retrieval
accessing LTM using cue (index) to get information
filling cabinet analogy
LTM is like a filing cabinet, information in LTM is never lost (unless structural damage) Forgetting is not a loss of information but a loss of means of access (loss of index)
controlled response
conscious behavior
automatic (unconscious) processing
e.g., unconscious perception: GSR of prosopagnosic patients
automatic response
unconscious behavior
automatic processing and automatic response: e.g., Classical conditioning: fear conditioning: neutral stimulus associated with painful electric shock
Information transfer from STM to LTM
1. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model (Box model)
Rehearsal: the longer the information is kept in STM, the higher the likelihood that information is transferred from STM to LTM
- Levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart)
The deeper the processing, the better the retention
(1) Two types of rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal: Shallower processing
Just to keep information in the STM.
e.g., phone #
Elaborative rehearsal: Deeper processing
To make association with existing information in LTM
(To transfer information from STM to LTM)
maintenance rehearsal
shallower processing just to keep information in the STM. e.g., phone #
elaborative rehearsal
deeper processing to make association with existing information in LTM. (to transfer information from STM to LTM)
structural (Case)
Is the word in capital letters? (Shallower processing)
Phonetic (Rhyme)
does the word rhyme with WEIGHT?
semantic (sentence)
would the word fit the sentence “he met a ___in the street.”? (Deeper processing)
contribution
challenge to the box model: memory process is not processing and transferring information from one box to another. memory process depends on how deeply information is analyzed.
(1) difference between STM and WM.
STM:
usually emphasizes maintenance of information e.g., digit span
(1) difference between STM and WM.
working memory:
manipulation and maintenance e.g., working memory span tasks
central executive
Allocation of attentional, task management, etc
phonological loop
maintenance of verbal information
visuo-spatial sketchpad
maintenance of visuo-spatial information
reading span task
a sentence is presented one at a time, and your task is to judge whether or not the sentence is grammatically correct. then remember the last word. after several sentences, you need to recall the words
operation span task
an equation is presented one at a time, and your task is to judge whether or not the equation is correct. then remember a word after the equation. after several equations, you need to recall the words.
N-back task
1-back condition (k,s,s,m,r,t,l,l,a,p) 2-back condition (k,s,k,m,r,t,l,t,a,p) in n-back tasks, responses are required only when a stimulus matches one shown n trials before. the contents of working memory must be manipulated constantly as the target is updated on each trial.
