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3rd QTR Flashcards

1
Q

What is the traditional definition of health?

A

The presence or absence of a disease defining the quality of health.

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2
Q

How does the WHO define health?

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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3
Q

What does wellness refer to?

A

An active process by which an individual progresses towards maximum potential possible, regardless of current state of health.

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4
Q

What are the 7 dimensions of wellness?

A
  • Physical
  • Social
  • Emotional
  • Intellectual
  • Spiritual
  • Occupational
  • Environmental
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5
Q

Define illness.

A

A highly personal state where a person’s emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished.

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6
Q

What are biological factors affecting health?

A
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Physiology
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7
Q

What are environmental factors affecting health?

A
  • Climate
  • Poverty
  • Access to healthcare
  • Beliefs and practices
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8
Q

What are lifestyle factors affecting health?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Physical activity
  • Sleep
  • Stress management
  • Substance use
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9
Q

True or False: A person can be ill without disease.

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: A person can have disease without feeling ill.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the Clinical Model of health?

A

A narrow interpretation where health is considered as the state of not being ‘sick’.

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12
Q

Define the Role Performance Model.

A

Health is defined in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles.

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13
Q

What is the Adaptive Model of health?

A

Health is a creative process, and disease is a failure in adaptation.

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14
Q

What does the Agent-host Environmental Model focus on?

A

Predicting illnesses rather than promoting wellness.
-also called “Ecological Model”

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15
Q

What does the Health Illness Continuum illustrate?

A

Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum.

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16
Q

Dunn’s High Level Wellness Grid

A

a health grid in which a health axis intersect an environmental axis
-Y axis= environmental
-X axis= health axis

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17
Q

“Protected Poor Health”-in Dunn’s High-level Wellness grid

A

in favorable environment, through social and cultural institutions

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18
Q

Poor health-in Dunn’s High-level Wellness grid

A

in unfavorable environment

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19
Q

High-level Wellness-in Dunn’s High-level Wellness grid

A

in favorable environment, through social and cultural institutions

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20
Q

Emergent High-level wellness-in Dunn’s High-level Wellness grid

A

in unfavorable environment

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21
Q

Travis’ Illness-wellness continuum

A

-Model illustrates two arrows pointing in the opposite directions and are joined at a neutral point

-ranges from high-level wellness to premature death

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22
Q

What does the Health Belief Model propose?

A

People are likely to take preventive action if they perceive a health risk to be serious.

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23
Q

Who developed the Health Promotion Model?

A

Dr. Nola Pender.

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24
Q

Health Promotion Model

A

-health promotion is a behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential

-Health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of a disease

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25
What is the focus of the Basic Human Needs Model?
-Understanding an individual’s motivation to achieve optimal health. -explains basic needs of patients and families
26
What does the Holistic Health Model emphasize?
The relationship between the body, mind, and spirit.
27
What is the first stage of the illness experience?
Symptom experience. -3 aspects: physical, cognitive, social responses
28
What occurs in the second stage of the illness experience?
Assumption of the sick role. -seek confirmation from family & self-treatment
29
What is the third stage of the illness experience?
Medical care contact. -consult professional help
30
What defines the dependent patient role?
The patient has fully accepted the illness and becomes dependent on medical professionals.
31
What is the final stage of the illness experience?
Recovery and rehabilitation.
32
What does primary prevention entail?
Activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs. -good nutrition -exercise -immunization
33
What is secondary prevention?
Early detection of and prompt intervention for a disease or health threat. -screening/test to identify disease -BP testing
34
Define tertiary prevention.
Managing disease post-diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression. -chemotherapy -minimizing effects of long-term disease
35
What defines mental health?
A state of well-being where individuals realize their own potential and cope with normal stresses. -can work productively, and fruitfully -can contribute to community
36
What percentage of healthcare expenditure is directed toward mental health services in the Philippines?
Only 5%.
37
Factors affecting mental health
-early deprivation/ trauma -inadequate parenting -inadequate and irrational communication in the family
38
What is the definition of abnormal psychology?
The study of abnormal behavior and the mental pathology underlying psychiatric diseases. -"psychopathology"
39
What does the Supernatural Model attribute psychological disorders to?
Divine intervention. -rituals, demons, witches
40
Who is considered the Father of Modern Diseases?
Hippocrates.
41
Hippocrates (biological tradition)
believed that mental health can be treated like any other disease
42
What are the four humors according to Galen?
* Blood-heart * Black bile-spleen * Yellow bile-liver * Phlegm-brain
43
Galen (biological tradition)
-disease as a unitary concept, NO DISTINCTION between mental and physical=CONNECTED -problems are caused by imbalanced
44
Plato (psychological tradition)
-pyschosocial approach to mental disorders -moral therapy -mental health causes maladaptive behaviors
45
Anton Mesmer (psychological tradition)
-animal magnetism -disease is caused by undetectable fluid found in all living organism
46
Normality
-Normal behavior is socially relating to what is considered standard, average, typical, or healthy. -if a behavior is conforming, then it is normal
47
Distress
should be abnormal only if one suffers distress and wishes to get rid of the behaviors
48
Mental Illness
behaviors are not considered abnormal unless they are a part of a mental illness
49
4 D's of Abnormality
-Dysfunction - interferes with the ability to conform -Distress -Deviance - unusual -Dangerous - potential harm, sewer slide, aggression
50
What is cultural relativism?
The view that there are no universal standards or rules.
51
What is asepsis?
Absence of/freedom from microorganisms.
52
What is an etiologic agent?
A disease-causing microorganism including bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites.
53
What does the term 'contaminated' mean?
Soiled with microorganisms.
54
What is the definition of infection?
Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms.
55
Disinfection
reduction of microorganisms without destroying the spores
56
Spores
inactive but viable state of microorganisms
57
Sterile
○ free from microorganisms
58
Pathogenicity
○ ability to produce disease ○ the greater the amount of microorganisms present, the more virulent they are.
59
Opportunistic Pathogen
○ pathogen that causes disease only to susceptible individuals
60
Carrier
-person or animal that harbors an infectious agent and is capable of transferring it to other persons -asymptomatic is still a carrier
61
Colonization
presence of microorganisms in the body secretions or excretions that does not cause illness or tissue invasion
62
Chain of infection
* 1.Etiologic agent * 2.reservoir * 3 .portal of exit * 4 .mode of transmission * 5.portal of entry * 6.susceptible host
63
Etiologic Agent
disease-causing microorganisms
64
Reservoir
place where microorganisms survive
65
Portal of exit from reservoir
portal of exit to enter a new host -body fluids
66
What is the mode of transmission for contact transmission?
Immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person.
67
What does MRS WEEH stand for? ( contact transmission)
M-multi drug-resistant organism R-respiratory infections S-skin infections W-wound infections E-enteric infection-clostridium difficile E-eye infection-conjunctivitis H-H1N1-influenza
68
VCHIPS (skin infections)
● Varicella ● Cutaneous Diptheria ● Herpes ● Impetigo ● Pediculosis ● Scabies ● Staphylococci
69
What is the definition of pathogenicity?
The ability to produce disease.
70
What are urethral catheters used for?
Inserted in the urethral meatus ## Footnote Commonly used for urinary drainage or administration of medications.
71
What are examples of reproductive secretions?
Semen, vaginal discharge ## Footnote These secretions can be involved in the transmission of infections.
72
What is contact transmission?
Immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse ## Footnote Includes direct contact with infected body fluids.
73
Indirect contact (vehicle borne transmission)
any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.
74
What are fomites?
Inanimate materials or objects that can act as vehicles for transmission ## Footnote Examples include handkerchiefs, toys, and surgical instruments.
75
What is vector borne transmission?
Transmission by an animal or insect that transports the infectious agent ## Footnote Examples include diseases like malaria and dengue.
76
What is airborne transmission?
Droplet nuclei or residue of evaporated droplets that can remain in the air ## Footnote Infectious agents can be transmitted through air currents.
77
What diseases are associated with airborne transmission?
Measles, chickenpox, herpes zoster, tuberculosis -My Chicken Hez TB ## Footnote These diseases can spread through the air and require specific precautions.
78
Dose
amount of pathogen required to cause an infection to host
79
What is droplet transmission?
Transmission by large droplets expelled into the air -more that 5 microns (saliva &mucus) ## Footnote Occurs with diseases like influenza and mumps.
80
What are the portals of entry for microorganisms?
* Mucous membrane * Non-intact skin * Gastrointestinal tract * Genitourinary tract * Respiratory tract ## Footnote These are routes through which pathogens can enter the body.
81
Who is considered a susceptible host?
Any person at risk of infection ## Footnote Includes immunosuppressed individuals, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses.
82
What is the incubation stage of an infection?
Interval between entrance of pathogen and appearance of first symptoms ## Footnote Example durations include chickenpox (14-16 days) and influenza (1-4 days).
83
What occurs during the prodromal stage of infection?
Onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms before specific symptoms appear ## Footnote Example: Herpes simplex begins with itching before lesions appear.
84
What is the illness stage of an infection?
Interval when specific signs and symptoms of infection manifest ## Footnote Example: Strep throat presents with sore throat and swelling.
85
What is the convalescent stage of an infection?
Acute symptoms disappear; recovery length varies -RECOVERY STAGE ## Footnote Depends on infection severity and patient’s recovery ability.
86
What are health care acquired infections?
Infections acquired in a hospital not present at admission ## Footnote Also known as nosocomial infections.
87
Exogenous Infection
from microorganisms found outside individual such as salmonella
88
Endogenous Infection
when patient's flora becomes altered and overgrowth results -yeast strepococci
89
What are standard precautions?
Infection control practices to prevent transmission of infections ## Footnote Includes hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
90
What are airborne precautions?
Precautions for infections that spread through the air ## Footnote Used for diseases like tuberculosis and varicella.
91
What are droplet precautions?
Precautions for diseases transmitted by large droplets ## Footnote Require wearing a mask when within 3 feet of the patient.
92
What are contact precautions?
Precautions for direct and indirect contact with infected patients ## Footnote Requires gown and gloves for handling contaminated body fluids.
93
What is aseptic technique?
Practices performed to prevent or minimize infection ## Footnote Essential in health care settings to maintain sterility.
94
Medical Asepsis
-"clean technique" -used to reduce the number and prevent the spread of microorganisms
95
Surgical Asepsis
-"sterile technique" -eliminate all microorganisms from an area
96
Sterilization
destroys all microrganisms and their spores
97
asepsis
absence of pathogenic microorganisms
98
Disinfection
removes microbes, with exception to spores

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