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gen chem > 3rd Periodic > Flashcards

3rd Periodic Flashcards

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1
Q

transformations from one phase to another, occur when energy (usually in the form of heat) is added or removed from a substance.

A

phase changes

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2
Q

are physical changes characterized by changes in molecular order;

A

phase changes

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3
Q

Molecules in the solid phase have the greatest ______, and those in the gas phase have the greatest ______.

A

order,,, randomness

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4
Q

When sufficient heat is absorbed by a solid, it either ______ or ______depending on the nature of the solid.

A

melts or sublimes

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5
Q

If heat is absorbed by a liquid, a temperature will be reached at which the liquid _____.

A

vaporizes

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6
Q

When the substance changes from solid to liquid, the process is ______, and when it changes from liquid to gas, the process is _________.

A

melting,,, vaporization

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7
Q

Temperature against time or heat can be plotted to show the ______ curves

A

heating

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8
Q

temperature and energy change can be plotted to show the ______curves of a substance.

A

cooling

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9
Q

graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure

A

phase diagram

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10
Q

. It gives the possible combinations of pressure and temperature at which certain physical state or states a substance would be observed.

A

phase diagram

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11
Q

shows the three regions labeled as solid, liquid, and gas phases.

A

phase diagram

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12
Q

shows what phases are present in a given temperature and pressure.

A

phase diagram

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13
Q

It also shows an intersection point—at which the substances exist as solids, liquids, and gases all at the same time.

A

triple point

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14
Q

the end point of the pressure-temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can co-exist.

A

critical point

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15
Q

represents the change in melting of the solid with increasing pressure

A

melting curve

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16
Q

the melting point at __ atm is the normal melting point

A

1

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17
Q

The solid and gas regions are separated by the ___________, which represents the change in the vapor pressure of the solid as it sublimes at different temperature.

A

sublimation curve

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18
Q

The liquid and gas regions are separated by the __________, which ends at the critical point

A

vapor pressure curve

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19
Q

the point that corresponds to the critical temperature and pressure of the substance.

A

critical point

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20
Q

Beyond the critical point, the liquid and gas phases are indistinguishable from each other, and the substance is a

A

supercritical fluid

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21
Q

The lines separating the three phases intersect at a single point, —–which is the only combination of temperature and pressure at which all three phases can coexist in equilibrium.

A

TRIPLE POINT

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22
Q

triple point of water, This is the only condition when water exists as liquid, gas, and solid all at the same time at equilibrium.

A

0.006 atm pressure at 273.2 k temperature

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23
Q

The normal melting point of water is

A

273 K

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24
Q

water normal boiling point is

A

373 k

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25
Q

critical temperature of water is

A

647 K

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26
Q

water critical pressure is

A

218 atm

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27
Q

The triple point of the carbon dioxide is at, , indicating that the carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid under ambient pressure conditions

A

5 atm

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28
Q

At 1 atm pressure, carbon dioxide will sublime at a temperature of, This is the reason why solid carbon dioxide is often known as “dry ice.” There is no liquid carbon dioxide under normal conditions- only the solid or the vapor.

A

197.5 k

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29
Q

Melting and vaporization require the absorption of ____.

A

heat

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30
Q

at ___________ temperature remains constant, and this is the temperature where the solid is being converted to liquid. At this point, both solid and liquid coexist.

A

melting point

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31
Q

When the liquid is being converted to its vapor, temperature again remains constant; this is called the

A

boiling point

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32
Q

At this point, temperature remains constant and both the solid and liquid coexist. This is called the ________ When all of the liquid has been converted to solid, the temperature decreases again.

A

freezing point.

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33
Q

The amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent is termed as the _______________

A

concentration of solution

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34
Q

If a solution contains greater amount of solute than the amount of solvent, it is

A

concentrated

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35
Q

It is ______ when it contains greater amount of solvent compared to the amount of solute.

A

dilute

36
Q

____________ is a process where one solution of known concentration, called _____, is gradually added to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration, called the _____, until the reaction is complete. This is often indicated by a change in color

A

titration, titrant, analyte

37
Q

are the forces of attraction within molecules.

A

Intramolecular forces of attraction

38
Q

are the forces of attraction between neighboring molecules.

A

Intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA)

39
Q

happens when there is a separation of charges due to difference in the electronegativity.

A

dipole moment

40
Q

is a temporary dipole created due to distortion in the electron cloud of an atom or a molecule

A

induced dipole moment

41
Q

happens when an ion comes across a polar molecule.

A

ion dipole interactions

42
Q

is happening between two polar molecules interacting to one another

A

dipole dipole interactions

43
Q

ONE SPECAL TYPE OF DIPOLE DIPOLE INTERACTION CALLED THE _____ . It is true to cases wherein H is interacting with highly electronegative elements such as _____, ___ AND ____

A

HYDROGEN BOND, nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F).

44
Q

This type of IMFA is exhibited by interactions happening among non-polar molecules and noble gases.

A

london dispersion interaction

45
Q

When there is a distortion in the electron clouds of atoms or molecules creating the so-called

A

induced dipole

46
Q

This is a temporary shift of electrons causing one end of an atom or molecule becomes more positive than the other. . These two molecules are both nonpolar.

A

london dispersion

47
Q

ORDER OF STRENGTH OF IMFA The attractive forces increase with increasing molar mass and size of the molecule

A

ion dipole > h bond > dipole dipole > london dispersion

48
Q

is the resisting ability of a liquid to flow

A

viscosity

49
Q

As the IMFA gets stronger, the viscosity of a substance _______.

A

increases

50
Q

example of viscous items at home

A

syrup
hair gel
toothpaste
oil

51
Q

is the ability of a liquid surface to be stretched forming an elastic sheet or membrane

A

surface tension

52
Q

As the IMFA gets stronger, the surface tension of a substance _______.

A

increases

53
Q

example of surface tension

A

water droplets at a car windshield
water and styro

54
Q

This is described as the rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tubes or absorbent material.

A

capillary action

55
Q

For the capillary action to take place, it involves to two types of forces: the _______ force (_________) and the ________ force (_______).

A

cohesive ( cohesion), adhesive (adhesion)

56
Q

is an attractive force between same substances in which they are sticking together.

A

cohesion

57
Q

is an attractive force between different substances wherein they are clinging to one another.

A

adhesion

58
Q

example of capillary action

A

canle wick and candle wax
straw and juice

59
Q

As the IMFA gets stronger, the capillarity action __________.

A

increases

60
Q

is the tendency of a substance to turn into vapor (gaseous) state when its rate of evaporation is equal to its rate of condensation in a closed container.

A

vapor pressure

61
Q

example of boiling point

A

soup cooking

62
Q

is the turning of liquid into gas

A

evaporation

63
Q

As the IMFA gets stronger, the vapor pressure of a substance ___________.

A

decreases

64
Q

is the temperature at which the atmospheric pressure (outside) is equal to the vapor pressure (inside) of a gas in a closed container.

A

boiling point

65
Q

. Water boils at ______°C which is very high.

A

100.0

66
Q

is the temperature at which a solid substance melts.

A

melting point

67
Q

is the process where gas turns into liquid.

A

condensation

68
Q

example of melting

A

ice cream
butter
candle

69
Q

As the IMFA gets stronger, the boiling point and melting point of a substance ______.

A

increases

70
Q

refers to the property of the solution that depends on the number of solute particles present.

A

colligative property

71
Q

include freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.

A

Colligative properties of solutions

72
Q

If the vapor pressure decreases in a nonelectrolyte solution, the boiling point of the solution tends to ______.

A

increase

73
Q

The increase in the boiling point temperature is called

A

boiling point elevation (∆Tb).

74
Q

The freezing point of a solution is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals that of the pure solvent, that is, when solid solvent and liquid solution are in equilibrium.

A

freezing point depression

75
Q

occurs because the vapor pressure of the solution is always lower than that of the solvent, so the solution freezes at a lower temperature; that is, only at a lower temperature will solvent particles leave and enter the solid at the same rate.

A

freezing point depression

76
Q

The pressure exerted by the gas that is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system at a specified temperature is called

A

vapor pressure

77
Q

. A _______ has greater vapor pressure than the vapor pressure of a solution

A

pure liquid

78
Q

depends on the number of solute particles that have been dissolved. The greater the concentration of solute present the greater the vapor pressure lowering.

A

vapor pressure lowering

79
Q

The relationship between the vapor pressures of solution components and the concentrations of those components is described by

A

Raoult’s law:

80
Q

The partial pressure exerted by any component of an ideal solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution.

A

Raoult’s law:

81
Q

The movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration is called

A

osmosis

82
Q

The movement of the solvent continues until the concentration on both sides are the same.

A

osmotic pressure

83
Q

To prevent the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane, pressure must be applied to the solution. The pressure required to counter, not sustain, osmosis is known as

A

osmotic pressure

84
Q

. Diffusion-driven transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane is a process known as

A

osmosis

85
Q
A

gen chem (2 decks)

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