3rd 9 Weeks Test (Vocab)

Question 1

Bastille

Answer 1

a french prison that the 3rd estate stormed after they were locked out of the estates general, found an empty tennis court and pledged to never disband until a new constitution was drawn, and after hearing rumors that Louis XVI was going to take military action against the 3rd estate (peasant, 98% of population), they stormed the Bastille in fear, killing guards and marching the streets with heads on pikes

Question 2

Bessemer process-Steel Production(alloy of steel & carbon):

Answer 2

Henry Bessemer- inventor and engineer who developed the first process for manufacturing steel inexpensively (1856), leading to the development of the Bessemer converter. He was knighted in 1879.
process- the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is the removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.

Question 3

Capitalism

Answer 3

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
Central characteristics of capitalism; capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private property, property rights recognition, voluntary exchange, and wage labor.

Question 4

Cecil Rhodes

Answer 4

a British mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.
founded the De Beers diamond firm which until recently controlled the global trade.

Question 5

Commodore Matthew Perry

Answer 5

Around 1850, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry, with the power of industrialization behind him, sailed to Japan and demanded trading rights. -played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

Question 6

Conservatism

Answer 6

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values (ex- Ming dynasty wanted to undo Mongol influence from their rule (1206-1368)- their rule was very conservative)

Question 7

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen

Answer 7

The French writer Olympe
de Gouges fought for these rights in the era of the French Revolution. In 1789, France had adopted the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the (Male) Citizen,” a pioneering document in the history of human rights. In
1791, de Gouges published a “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the (Female) Citizen,” to point out that women’s rights had not been addressed.

Question 8

Eli Whitney

Answer 8

1798 system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the US military -led directly to the division of labor, specialization of labor, and Henry Ford expanded on this in early 1900s with his assembly line

Question 9

Haiti

Answer 9

first to rebel against foreign domination in late 1700s (Haitian Rev.) -Maroons, led by former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture (joined in 1791- in 1801 produced a constitution) 1804, L’Ouverture’s successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, orchestrated a Haitian declaration of permanent independence. Thus, Haiti became the first country in Latin America to win its independence and the first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere. It was also the only country to become permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising.

Question 10

james hargreaves

Answer 10

spinning jenny- 1760s

Question 11

Karl Marx

Answer 11

(1818–1883) was a German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. Unlike utopian socialists, whom he scorned because he thought they wanted to escape problems rather than confront them, he wanted to look at how the world actually operated. He called his approach to economics “scientific socialism.” For Marx, socialism would replace capitalism. It, then, would later be replaced by a final stage of economic development, communism, in which all class distinctions would end.

Question 12

Louis XVI of France

Answer 12

july 14, 1789-french independence- most permanent changes enacted early in the Rev, abolition of feudalism and adoption of the DoRoMaC, a statement declaring basic human rights; Louis XVI refused to accept the limited monarchy, which led to dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French Republic in 1792; Reign of Terror- Nap became emperor in 1804

Question 13

Meji Reforms

Answer 13

Emperor Meiji’s letter to President Grant indicates Japan actively sought Western innovations that it felt would help make it equal of Western countries. It reformed based on what it admired
it formally abolished feudalism in 1868 through the Charter Oath.
* It established a constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model in which the emperor ruled through a subordinate political leader.
* It established equality before the law and abolished cruel punishments.

Question 14

Muhammad Ali

Answer 14

In 1801, the sultan sent an Ottoman army to retake Egypt. In the conflict with the Mamluks, an Albanian Ottoman officer, Muhammad Ali, rose to prominence, and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt. The sultan lacked the power to do anything but agree.
-instituted a number of reforms in Egypt

Question 15

Otto Von Bismarck

Answer 15

.Germany: Politically Fragmented until Otto Von Bismarck and German Unification in 1871. Quickly became a leader in steel and coal.

Question 16

Richard Arkwright

Answer 16

1960s Water Frame signaled the birth of factory systems

Question 17

2nd Industrial Revolution

Answer 17

1st Industrial Revolution: textiles, steam power, coal, & iron
2nd Industrial Revolution: steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

Question 18

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Answer 18

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Question 19

Self Strengthening Movement

Answer 19

Like other powers, China under the Qing Dynasty felt pressure to modernize. Its major reform effort of the late 19th century was known as the Self-Strengthening Movement. -a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China. gov. officials hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing its military technology and readiness and by training Chinese artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals.