3p Flashcards
episodic headache occurring several times daily for 4-6 weeks with extended relieve for 6-12 months occurs mostly in men
cluster headaches
Produced by ovaries & placenta
responsible for enlargement of uterus, breast & genitals
estrogen
maintains endometrium for implantation
inhibits uterine contractility, preventing abortion
promotes secretory ducts of breast for lactation
progesterone
influences thyroid gland size, activity & increases HR
increases basal metabolic rate by 23% during pregnancy
thyroxine (T4)
used in pregnancy test to determine pregnancy state
stimulates progesterone & estrogen by corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy until pregnancy takes over
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
produced by placenta
affects glucose & protein metabolism
human placental lactogen (hPL)
produced by anterior pituitary gland
causes pigmentation of skin to darken
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
produced by corpus luteum & placenta
inhibits uterine activity
relaxin
prepares breast for lactation
prolactin
produced by posterior pituitary gland
stimulates uterine contraction
after birth, helps keep uterus contracted
stimulates milk ejection reflex during breast feeding
oxytocin
“Patient states,” Amenorrhea, N/V, increased urinary frequency, excessive fatigue, breast tenderness
presumptive signs (subjective)
“Provider sees & feels,” softening, darkening of cervix, uterine softening, enlargement, ballottement, positive pregnancy test
probable signs (objective)
“Testing reveals”, fetal heart rate detected, fetal outline & movements
positive signs (diagnostic)
prompted by hormonal changes
preparation for lactation
estrogen & progesterone cause proliferation in ducts & glandular tissue
12 oz increase in breast weight over term of pregnancy
during pregnancy, breast skin thins & striae develops
alveoli become progressively distended
breast changes during pregnancy
solid organ becomes thin- walled & hollow
wall thickens from 10 mm to 25 mm in first 16 weeks
thins to 5-10 mm by term
Hegar’s sign = uterus bends in anterior direction on lower uterine segment
fundus rises out of the pelvis and enlarges 1 cm weekly
uterine souffle’ = maternal arterial blood arriving into the placenta
uterine
increased levels of progesterone & relaxin soften pelvic floor ligaments & muscles
further stretched by the gravid uterus & vaginal delivery
contributes to urinary/ fecal incontinence, hemorrhoids, dyspareunia & uterine prolapse
pelvic floor changes
increased production of sweat & sebaceous glands
increasing levels of melanocyte- stimulating hormone causes linea nigra
striae gravidarum (stretch marks)
skin changes
flatus, constipation diminished bowel sounds from slow peristalsis
decreased intestinal contractility from displacement, fluid reabsorption changes & increased progesterone levels
dyspepsia in pregnancy aggravated by displacement of abdominal organs, increased progesterone alters esophageal sphincter & gastric tone
GI changes
heart displaced upward
supine hypotension
cardiac output increases 30-50%
blood volume peaks 30-34 weeks, increases 30-50%, 1110-1600 mL
75% increase is plasma red blood cell volume increases
cardiovascular changes
respiratory congestion from increased edema of pharynx & larynx
5% reduce lung capacity from increased chest wall circumference & decreased chest compliance
30% increase in oxygen consumption compromising respiration in those with chronic asthma, obesity or smoking
respiratory changes
maintains electrolyte & acid - base balance, regulates increase in blood & extracellular fluid volume, excretes maternal & fetal waste products & conserves essential nutrients
kidneys are displaced & increase in size
effects of progesterone decrease bladder tone
renal changes
effects of progesterone, estrogen and relaxin on ligaments & joints. relaxation of pelvic structures
posture shifting center of balance
gait changes, sciatica, discomfort of the symphysis pubis & stretching/ pain of uterosacral & cardinal ligaments
muscloskeletal/ neuro changes
thyroid enlargement
pituitary gland increases by factor of 3
basal metabolic rate increase 20-25%
insulin resistance, obesity greater risk for gestational diabetes
increased prolactin & oxytocin
emotional/ irritability hormone shifts
decreased attention span, decreased concentration & memory lapse
sleep alterations
corneal edema, plugged ears, reduced hearing & vertigo
endocrine changes
Naegele’s rule
1st day of LMP + 7 days - 3 months + 1 year = estimated due date
Rh- mom receives Rhogam when?
@ (7 months) 28 weeks & 72 hours post delivery
food to avoid during pregnancy
unpasteurized foods, beverages & raw meats
genetic & fetal screening done in 1st trimester
cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, autosomal recessive, down’s syndrome
abnormal finding warrant further diagnostic testing = aminocentesis
cessation of menstruation for at least 12 months
menopause
perimenopausal period
2-8 years prior to LMP
early postmenopausal period
1st 5 years following menopause
late postmenopausal period
6+ years after the LMP
anticholinergic antimuscarinic agents oxybutynin (Ditropan), toterodine (Detrol), fesoterdin (Toviaz), darfenacin (Enablex) & solifenacin (Vesicare)
used for urge incontinence
tricyclic antidepressants imipramine (Tofranil) and mirabegron (Myrbetriq)
used for urge incontinence